956 research outputs found
GÎŽ-Embeddings in Hilbert space, II
AbstractIn this paperâwhich is a continuation of [10]âwe exhibit some topological conditions on a Banach space which ensure that it contains isometric copies of infinite-dimensional conjugate spaces. This result is used to identify a large class of Banach spaces that are hereditarily separable duals. A method of defining a âJamestree sumâ of a countable number of Banach spaces is given. It is used to construct various counterexamples; for instance, there exists for each integer n a Banach space that can be mapped into Hilbert space via the composition of n but not (n â 1) GÎŽ-embeddings. We also continue the investigation of the global structure of some geometrically defined Banach spaces. For example, it is shown that a separable Banach space X with the Radon-Nikodym property (R.N.P.) has a subspace y with a boundedly complete finite-dimensional decomposition (F.D.D.) such that XY has an F.D.D. and the R.N.P
Thermodynamically stable noncomposite vortices in mesoscopic two-gap superconductors
In mesoscopic two-gap superconductors with sizes of the order of the
coherence length noncomposite vortices are found to be thermodynamically stable
in a large domain of the phase diagram. In these phases the vortex
cores of one condensate are spatially separated from the other condensate ones,
and their respective distributions can adopt distinct symmetries. The
appearance of these vortex phases is caused by a non-negligible effect of the
boundary of the sample on the superconducting order parameter and represents
therefore a genuine mesoscopic effect. For low values of interband Josephson
coupling vortex patterns with can arise in addition to the
phases with , where and are total vorticities in the two
condensates. The calculations show that noncomposite vortices could be observed
in thin mesoscopic samples of MgB.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Europhysics Letter
Needle age-related and seasonal photosynthetic capacity variation is negligible for modelling yearly gas exchange of a sparse temperate Scots pine forest
In this study, we quantified the predictive accuracy loss involved with
omitting photosynthetic capacity variation for a Scots pine (<i>Pinus sylvestris</i> L.) stand in
Flanders, Belgium. Over the course of one phenological year, we measured the
maximum carboxylation capacity at 25 °C (<i>V</i><sub>m25</sub>), the maximum electron
transport capacity at 25 °C (<i>J</i><sub>m25</sub>), and the leaf area index (LAI) of
different-aged needle cohorts in the upper and lower canopy. We used these
measurements as input for a process-based multi-layer canopy model with the
objective to quantify the difference in yearly gross ecosystem productivity
(GEP) and canopy transpiration (<i>E</i><sub>can</sub>) simulated under scenarios in which
the observed needle age-related and/or seasonal variation of <i>V</i><sub>m25</sub> and
<i>J</i><sub>m25</sub> was omitted. We compared simulated GEP with estimations obtained from
eddy covariance measurements. Additionally, we measured summer needle N
content to investigate the relationship between photosynthetic capacity
parameters and needle N content along different needle ages.
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Results show that <i>V</i><sub>m25</sub> and <i>J</i><sub>m25</sub> were, respectively, 27% and
13% higher in current-year than in one-year old needles. A significant
seasonality effect was found on <i>V</i><sub>m25</sub>, but not on <i>J</i><sub>m25</sub>. Summer needle
N content was considerably lower in current-year than in one-year-old
needles. As a result, the correlations between <i>V</i><sub>m25</sub> and needle N content
and <i>J</i><sub>m25</sub> and needle N content were negative and non-significant,
respectively. Some explanations for these unexpected correlations were
brought forward. Yearly GEP was overestimated by the canopy model by ±15% under all scenarios. The inclusion and omission of the observed
needle age-related <i>V</i><sub>m25</sub> and <i>J</i><sub>m25</sub> variation in the model simulations
led to statistically significant but ecologically irrelevant differences in
simulated yearly GEP and <i>E</i><sub>can</sub>. Omitting seasonal variation did not yield
significant simulation differences. Our results indicate that intensive
photosynthetic capacity measurements over the full growing season and
separate simulation of needle age classes were no prerequisites for accurate
simulations of yearly canopy gas exchange. This is true, at least, for the
studied stand, which has a very sparse canopy and is exposed to high N
deposition and, hence, is not fully representative for temperate Scots pine
stands. Nevertheless, we believe well-parameterized process-based canopy
models â as applied in this study â are a useful tool to quantify losses of
predictive accuracy involved with canopy simplification in modelling
Theory of Spontaneous Polarization of Endohedral Fullerenes
A pseudo-Jahn-Teller model describing central atom distortions is proposed
for endohedral fullerenes of the form A@C where A is either a rare gas
or a metal atom. A critical (dimensionless) coupling is found, below
which the symmetric configuration is stable and above which inversion symmetry
is broken. Vibronic parameters are given for selected endohedral fullerenes.Comment: 4 pages, REVTEX, 1 Postscript figure. [Phys. Rev. Lett. (in press)
Environmental controls on ozone fluxes in a poplar plantation in Western Europe
Tropospheric O-3 is a strong oxidant that may affect vegetation and human health. Here we report on the O-3 fluxes from a poplar plantation in Belgium during one year. Surprisingly, the winter and autumn O-3 fluxes were of similar magnitude to ones observed during most of the peak vegetation development. Largest O-3 uptakes were recorded at the beginning of the growing season in correspondence to a minimum stomatal uptake. Wind speed was the most important control and explained 44% of the variability in the nighttime O-3 fluxes, suggesting that turbulent mixing and the mechanical destruction of O-3 played a substantial role in the O-3 fluxes. The stomatal O-3 uptake accounted for a seasonal average of 59% of the total O-3 uptake. Multiple regression and partial correlation analyses showed that net ecosystem exchange was not affected by the stomatal O-3 uptake. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
When is a symmetric pin-jointed framework isostatic?
Maxwell's rule from 1864 gives a necessary condition for a framework to be
isostatic in 2D or in 3D. Given a framework with point group symmetry, group
representation theory is exploited to provide further necessary conditions.
This paper shows how, for an isostatic framework, these conditions imply very
simply stated restrictions on the numbers of those structural components that
are unshifted by the symmetry operations of the framework. In particular, it
turns out that an isostatic framework in 2D can belong to one of only six point
groups. Some conjectures and initial results are presented that would give
sufficient conditions (in both 2D and 3D) for a framework that is realized
generically for a given symmetry group to be an isostatic framework.Comment: 24 pages, 10 figures; added references, minor changes, revised last
paragrap
Dynamical Jahn-Teller Effect and Berry Phase in Positively Charged Fullerene I. Basic Considerations
We study the Jahn-Teller effect of positive fullerene ions C
and C. The aim is to discover if this case, in analogy with the
negative ion, possesses a Berry phase or not, and what are the consequences on
dynamical Jahn-Teller quantization. Working in the linear and spherical
approximation, we find no Berry phase in C, and
presence/absence of Berry phase for coupling of one hole to an
/ vibration. We study in particular the special equal-coupling case
(), which is reduced to the motion of a particle on a 5-dimensional
sphere. In the icosahedral molecule, the final outcome assesses the
presence/absence of a Berry phase of for the hole coupled to
/ vibrations. Some qualitative consequences on ground-state symmetry,
low-lying excitations, and electron emission from C are spelled out.Comment: 31 pages (RevTeX), 3 Postscript figures (uuencoded
Atmospheric drivers of storage water use in Scots pine
International audienceIn this study we determined the microclimatic drivers of storage water use in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) growing in a temperate climate. The storage water use was modeled using the ANAFORE model, integrating a dynamic water flow and ? storage model with a process-based transpiration model. The model was calibrated and validated with sap flow measurements for the growing season of 2000 (26 May?18 October). Because there was no severe soil drought during the study period, we were able to study atmospheric effects. Incoming radiation was the main driver of storage water use. The general trends of sap flow and storage water use are similar, and follow more or less the pattern of incoming radiation. Nevertheless, considerable differences in the day-to-day pattern of sap flow and storage water use were observed, mainly driven by vapour pressure deficit (VPD). During dry atmospheric conditions (high VPD) storage water use was reduced. This reduction was disproportionally higher than the reduction in measured sap flow. Our results suggest that the trees did not rely more on storage water during periods of atmospheric drought, without severe soil drought. A third important factor was the tree water deficit. When storage compartments were depleted beyond a threshold, storage water use was limited due to the low water potential in the storage compartments. The maximum relative contribution of storage water to daily transpiration was also constrained by an increasing tree water deficit
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