Parafoveal-foveal overlap can facilitate ongoing word identification during reading: evidence from eye movements.

Readers continuously receive parafoveal information about the upcoming word in addition to the foveal information about the currently fixated word. Previous research (Inhoff, Radach, Starr, & Greenberg, 2000) showed that the presence of a parafoveal word that was similar to the foveal word facilitated processing of the foveal word. We used the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) to manipulate the parafoveal information that subjects received before or while fixating a target word (e.g., news) within a sentence. Specifically, a reader's parafovea could contain a repetition of the target (news), a correct preview of the posttarget word (once), an unrelated word (warm), random letters (cxmr), a nonword neighbor of the target (niws), a semantically related word (tale), or a nonword neighbor of that word (tule). Target fixation times were significantly lower in the parafoveal repetition condition than in all other conditions, suggesting that foveal processing can be facilitated by parafoveal repetition. We present a simple model framework that can account for these effects

Lack of semantic parafoveal preview benefit in reading revisited

In contrast to earlier research, evidence for semantic preview benefit in reading has been reported by Hohenstein and Kliegl (Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40, 166–190, 2013) in an alphabetic writing system; they also implied that prior demonstrations of lack of a semantic preview benefit needed to be reexamined. In the present article, we report a rather direct replication of an experiment reported by Rayner, Balota, and Pollatsek (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986). Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm, subjects read sentences that contained a target word (razor), but different preview words were initially presented in the sentence. The preview was identical to the target word (i.e., razor), semantically related to the target word (i.e., blade), semantically unrelated to the target word (i.e., sweet), or a visually similar nonword (i.e., razar). When the reader’s eyes crossed an invisible boundary location just to the left of the target word location, the preview changed to the target word. Like Rayner et al. (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986), we found that fixations on the target word were significantly shorter in the identical condition than in the unrelated condition, which did not differ from the semantically related condition; when an orthographically similar preview had been initially present in the sentence, fixations were shorter than when a semantically unrelated preview had been present. Thus, the present experiment replicates the earlier data reported by Rayner et al. (Canadian Journal of Psychology, 40, 473–483, 1986), indicating evidence for an orthographic preview benefit but a lack of semantic preview benefit in reading English

FeH Absorption in the Near-Infrared Spectra of Late M and L Dwarfs

We present medium-resolution z-, J-, and H-band spectra of four late-type dwarfs with spectral types ranging from M8 to L7.5. In an attempt to determine the origin of numerous weak absorption features throughout their near-infrared spectra, and motivated by the recent tentative identification of the E 4\Pi- A ^4\Pi system of FeH near 1.6 microns in umbral and cool star spectra, we have compared the dwarf spectra to a laboratory FeH emission spectrum. We have identified nearly 100 FeH absorption features in the z-, J-, and H-band spectra of the dwarfs. In particular, we have identified 34 features which dominate the appearance of the H-band spectra of the dwarfs and which appear in the laboratory FeH spectrum. Finally, all of the features are either weaker or absent in the spectrum of the L7.5 dwarf which is consistent with the weakening of the known FeH bandheads in the spectra of the latest L dwarfs.Comment: accepted by Ap

Control of peas and lupins in oats

Trial 87A30 All lupin treatments satisfactory. Treaments 4, 8 and 9, ie Dicamba 500 ml and both treatments with diuron + 2,4-D amine would not control peas sufficiently to prevent rejection of line of oats. Peas are more difficult to control

Capeweed control in cereals.

Capeweed control in cereals pre-sowing control, 86WH58. Capeweed control in cereals post-emergence control, 86WH59. Capeweed control in cereals post-emergence control with Reglone®, 86WH69. Capeweed control in cereals post-emergence control with various products, 86WH70. Capeweed control in cereals post-emergence control with mixtures, 86WH74. Lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) control along roadsides, 86WH75. Chemical control of Four o\u27Clock (Oxalis purpurea) in cereals, 86N0110. Hoegrass, different rates with oils or wetting agent for wild oat control in cereals, 86N0118. Chemicals x depth of blade plowing to control couch, 86N010. Chemical x cultural control of couch (long-term), 85N092. Chemical control of couch prior to cereal establishment, 86N0117. Brome Grass control in lupins {Spray trajectory x pressure x droplet size), 86C93. Brome Grass control in lupins (Spray trajectory x pressure x volume of spraying x droplet size), 86C94. Brome Grass control in lupins (Spray trajectory x pressure x droplet size x wetting agent or oils), 86C95. Control of Onion weed (Asphodelus fistulosa) in pasture, 86GE54. Control of Saffron Thistle (Carthamus lanatus) in lupins, 86GE58. Saffron Thistle control seed set applications, 86JE80. Saffron Thistle control grazing experiments comparing sheep and goats, 85TS27. Vegetation management along the vermin fence in the Yilgarn, see 15 page report to Agriculture Protection Board (Nov. 1986), 85ME63-72, 91

Control of Saffron thistle in pasture using goats.

Trial 85TS27 / 87TS27 Saffron thistle seedling densities remained relatively constant during the first two years of the trial, irrespective of the grazing treatments\u27 effectiveness. However on the grazing treatments where goats were preventing seed formation, once the bulk of dormant seeds had been depleted, seedling density started to decline

Control of soursob (Oxalis pres-caprae) in cereals

Trial 87NO107 Plant counts for soursob and Four O\u27clock will be more accurate when counts taken after the break of 1988 season to determine the bulb production from last season. Ally gave good control of doublegee. Isoproturon or mixtures with Isoproturon also gave good doublegee control. Logran & Glean were weak on doublegee

Control of peas and lupins in wheat

Trial 87A29 Lupins were easier to kill than peas. Glean applied pre-sowing gave very poor control of both peas and lupins. The treatment using higher rates of 2,4-D amine in diuron mix also caused lower yields. The Tordon 242 treatment appeared to cause some yield depression

Comparison of conventional boomspray and C.D.A. equipment for weed control in cereals

l. 84N067 - Ryegrass 2. 84N068 - Capeweed 3. 84ME69 - Capeweed 4. 84 (40-41) - Ryegrass & Radish 5. C.D.A. - Capeweed 6. Boomspray Capeweed Comparison of conventional boomspray and C.D.A. equipment for weed control in cereals – 84C40, 84C41, 84ME69, 84NO67, 84NO68. Effectiveness of Roundup C.T. with and without crop oils applied through Controlled Droplet Applicators (C.D.A.) – Wongan Hills Research Station. Effectiveness of Roundup C.T. with and without crop oils applied through a conventional boomspray – Wongan Hills Research Station

Saffrom thistle, seed set control

Trial 87ME119 - Saffron thistle, seed set control. Trial 87TS38 - Saffron thistle control (seed set) Trial 87JE42 - Seed set control in Saffron thistle. All treatments had some measure of reducing seed production. Best control was obtained by applying chemicals just at or prior to flowering