Fluoridin sivuvaikutukset

Tiivistelmä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tehdä kirjallisuuskatsaus, joka käsittelee fluoridin saannin tieteellisesti todistettuja yleisterveydellisiä sivuvaikutuksia. Tiedonhakumenetelmänä oli PubMed-MedLine- tietokantahaku hakusanoilla fluoride, fluori*, IQ, adverse effect*, kidney, kidney*, CKD, skeletal, drinking water, adverse effect, side effect, ja hakutuloksista rajattiin otsikoiden ja tiivistelmien perusteella pois eläinkokeet, in vitro-tutkimukset ja potilastapausselostukset. Katsaukseen valittiin artikkeleita kolmesta eri kategoriasta: fluoridin neurologiskognitiiviset, maksaan ja munuaisiin, sekä luustoon kohdistuvat sivuvaikutukset. Joissakin tutkimuksissa on havaittu yhteys fluoridin saannin ja neurologiskognitiivisten sivuvaikutusten, esimerkiksi lasten alentuneen älykkyysosamäärän, välillä. Kuitenkin niissä artikkeleissa, joissa yhteys on todettu, on usein puutteita taustatekijöiden huomioon ottamisessa ja fluoridin saannin arvioinnissa. Tutkittavat voivat olla altistuneet paljon korkeammille fluoridipitoisuuksille verrattuna länsimaisten fluoridin saantiin. Katsauksen artikkelien perusteella fluoridin saannilla ei ole tieteellisesti todistettua yhteyttä neurologiskognitiivisiin sivuvaikutuksiin. Maksa- ja munuaissivuvaikutuksista ei löytynyt tiedonhaussa yhtään sopivaa pitkän seuranta-ajan prospektiivista kohorttitutkimusta, jossa taustatekijöiden huomiointi ja fluoridin saannin arviointi olisi toteutettu riittävän hyvin. Tutkimustulosten perusteella fluoridin saanti ei aiheuta sivuvaikutuksia munuaisiin tai maksaan. Katsauksen luustotutkimukset käsittelivät joko fluoridin saannin ja osteosarkooman tai luun tiheyden muuttumisen välistä yhteyttä. Osteosarkoomatutkimusten laatu ja tulokset olivat vaihtelevia. Fluoridin vaikutuksia luun tiheyteen käsittelevät tutkimukset tässä katsauksessa olivat laadukkaasti toteutettuja pitkän seuranta-aikansa ja fluoridin saannin arviointimenetelmän vuoksi. Katsauksen artikkelien perusteella ei ole selkeää tieteellistä näyttöä, että fluoridin saanti olisi yhteydessä osteosarkoomariskiin tai luun tiheyden muutoksiin. Fluoridin mahdollisista yleisterveydellisistä sivuvaikutuksista tarvitaan lisää pitkän seuranta-ajan prospektiivisia kohorttitutkimuksia, joissa fluoridin saanti on kohtuullista, taustatekijät on huomioitu, ja fluoridin saantia on seurattu yksilötasolla. Vaikka tutkimusnäytön perusteella fluoridin kohtuullisella käytöllä ei ole haitallisia yleisterveydellisiä sivuvaikutuksia, niin aihetta on tutkittava lisää, jotta fluoridia voidaan käyttää huoletta kariespreventioon tulevaisuudessakin

Analysis of Standby Losses and Charging Cycles in Flywheel Energy Storage Systems

Aerodynamic drag and bearing friction are the main sources of standby losses in the flywheel rotor part of a flywheel energy storage system (FESS). Although these losses are typically small in a well-designed system, the energy losses can become significant due to the continuous operation of the flywheel over time. For aerodynamic drag, commonly known as windage, there is scarcity of information available for loss estimation since most of the publications do not cover the partial vacuum conditions as required in the design of low loss energy storage flywheels. These conditions cause the flow regime to fall between continuum and molecular flow. Bearings may be of mechanical or magnetic type and in this paper the former is considered, typically hybridized with a passive magnetic thrust bearing. Mechanical bearing loss calculations have been extensively addressed in the open literature, including technical information from manufacturers but this has not previously been presented clearly and simply with reference to this application. The purpose of this paper is therefore to provide a loss assessment methodology for flywheel windage losses and bearing friction losses using the latest available information. An assessment of windage losses based on various flow regimes is presented with two different methods for calculation of windage losses in FESS under rarefied vacuum conditions discussed and compared. The findings of the research show that both methods closely correlate with each other for vacuum conditions typically required for flywheels. The effect of the air gap between the flywheel rotor and containment is also considered and justified for both calculation methods. Estimation of the bearing losses and considerations for selection of a low maintenance, soft mounted, bearing system is also discussed and analysed for a flywheel of realistic dimensions. The effect of the number of charging cycles on the relative importance of flywheel standby losses has also been investigated and the system total losses and efficiency have been calculated accordingly

LC3 and STRAP regulate actin filament assembly by JMY during autophagosome formation.

During autophagy, actin filament networks move and remodel cellular membranes to form autophagosomes that enclose and metabolize cytoplasmic contents. Two actin regulators, WHAMM and JMY, participate in autophagosome formation, but the signals linking autophagy to actin assembly are poorly understood. We show that, in nonstarved cells, cytoplasmic JMY colocalizes with STRAP, a regulator of JMY's nuclear functions, on nonmotile vesicles with no associated actin networks. Upon starvation, JMY shifts to motile, LC3-containing membranes that move on actin comet tails. LC3 enhances JMY's de novo actin nucleation activity via a cryptic actin-binding sequence near JMY's N terminus, and STRAP inhibits JMY's ability to nucleate actin and activate the Arp2/3 complex. Cytoplasmic STRAP negatively regulates autophagy. Finally, we use purified proteins to reconstitute LC3- and JMY-dependent actin network formation on membranes and inhibition of network formation by STRAP. We conclude that LC3 and STRAP regulate JMY's actin assembly activities in trans during autophagy

Inductive-Inductive Definitions

This article presents a new extension of inductive definitions, namely inductive-inductive definitions

Island properties dominate species traits in determining plant colonizations in an archipelago system

The extrinsic determinants hypothesis emphasizes the essential role of environmental heterogeneity in species' colonization. Consequently, high resident species diversity can increase community susceptibility to colonizations because good habitats may support more species that are functionally similar to colonizers. On the other hand, colonization success is also likely to depend on species traits. We tested the relative importance of environmental characteristics and species traits in determining colonization success using census data of 587 vascular plant species collected about 70 yr apart from 471 islands in the archipelago of SW Finland. More specifically, we explored potential new colonization as a function of island properties (e.g. location, area, habitat diversity, number of resident species per unit area), species traits (e.g. plant height, life-form, dispersal vector, Ellenberg indicator values, association with human impact), and species' historical distributions (number of inhabited islands, nearest occurrence). Island properties and species' historical distributions were more effective than plant traits in explaining colonization outcomes. Contrary to the extrinsic determinants hypothesis, colonization success was neither associated with resident species diversity nor habitat diversity per se, although colonization was lowest on sparsely vegetated islands. Our findings lead us to propose that while plant traits related to dispersal and establishment may enhance colonization, predictions of plant colonizations primarily require understanding of habitat properties and species' historical distributions.Peer reviewe

Multimodal Dependent Type Theory

We introduce MTT, a dependent type theory which supports multiple modalities. MTT is parametrized by a mode theory which specifies a collection of modes, modalities, and transformations between them. We show that different choices of mode theory allow us to use the same type theory to compute and reason in many modal situations, including guarded recursion, axiomatic cohesion, and parametric quantification. We reproduce examples from prior work in guarded recursion and axiomatic cohesion, thereby demonstrating that MTT constitutes a simple and usable syntax whose instantiations intuitively correspond to previous handcrafted modal type theories. In some cases, instantiating MTT to a particular situation unearths a previously unknown type theory that improves upon prior systems. Finally, we investigate the metatheory of MTT. We prove the consistency of MTT and establish canonicity through an extension of recent type-theoretic gluing techniques. These results hold irrespective of the choice of mode theory, and thus apply to a wide variety of modal situations