Globalization And Economic Diversification In Brunei Darussalam

ABSTRACT Asian countries have shown the highest growth rates in the world between 1965 and 1990. Ibis unprecedented record was largely due to superior accumulation of natural and human capital through globalization. However, with the catastrophic collapse of the East Asian miracle economies since 1997, the continued spread of globalization as a way forward to global market integration has heralded a cautious approach, none more so from small developing countries. Brunei Darussalam, a rich but small labour short country has depended on oil and gas for most of its development objectives anti has attained comparable levels of development to many of the miracle Asian economies, without Lie manifold benefits of massive global investments. However, with globalization becoming a faith accompli the integration of world markets in the new millennium. the implications of the economic diversification programmes Brunei Darussalam become all the more interesting. This study examines the implications of globalization in Brunei\u27s development programmes of economic diversification contained in its Eighth National Development Plan, In this regards, the paper draws from historical and contemporary materials on economic crisis in the Asian region to Eden* and examine the possible general effects of economic diversification through investment on new employment, income generating opportunities as well as on the social \u27and cultural traditions of the country. ibis is against the awareness that the inevitable opening of Brunei to continued global influences in the new millennium may bring many unwelcome influences and changes. The study concludes that globalization is inevitable in the new millennium and suggests. That for Bruuei Darussalam, the development of small scale sector in manufacture and services is one major possible diversification strategy for Brunei Darussalam in the new millennium Kata Kunci.: globalization - economic diversification - brunei darussala

Spatial and temporal variation in crop diversity in agroforestry homegardens of southern Ethiopia

A key assumption in many homegarden studies is that homegardens are ecologically and socio-economically sustainable due to their species diversity. The precise relation between diversity and sustainability is still heavily debated, however. A basic question is how diversity in homegardens can best be characterized in view of the various dimensions of species diversity and their variation in time and space. This paper assesses different types of species diversity in the homegardens of Sidama region of southern Ethiopia. In a survey of crop species in 144 homegardens a total of 78 cultivated crop species (excluding trees) belonging to 10 functional groups were recorded; there were on average 16 crop species and 8 functional groups per farm. Within homegardens, plots differ in species composition and crop diversity. Four types of homegarden systems are distinguished differing in both type and area-share of dominant species, relative orientation at subsistence or cash production and overall crop diversity. The gradual replacement of enset by maize and of coffee by more financially attractive cash crops khat and pineapple causes a decrease in overall crop diversity. Our data demonstrate that it is incorrect to consider homegardens as generic systems with a uniform distribution of species diversity: important within and between homegarden variation exists. Ecological and socio-economic sustainability is not just related to species diversity per se, but rather to more specific features such as presence of keystone species and diversity in functional species groups. Socio-economic sustainability in terms of adjustment to socio-economic change implies dynamics in species diversit

THREE DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SQUAB BROILERS

THREE DIETARY PROTEIN LEVELS IN THE PRODUCTION OF SQUAB BROILER

The Dilemma of Food in Africa

ABSTRACT Although over 70 per cent of the labour force is engaged in agriculture, Africa is loosing the capacity to feed itself. Drought, a fast growing population, widespread deterioration of the countryside, as well as a chronic undereinvestment in agriculture, have all contributed to declining yields and a vicious cycle of poverty from which the peasant farmer and African countries have increasingly found it difficult to escape. The need therefore is most urgent for African governments to reexamine their food and agricultural policies to tumble them provide more food for their growing population. Encouragement of large and Medium scale commercial farming, land reform, environmental management, reduction of population growth, improvement in storage and transport facilities as well as pursue political stability and a cessation of the violent conflicts that have characterized the continent, will reduce the food problem in Africa. key words: food, agriculture, farmin

The effect of potassium infusion on proximal sodium reabsorption and renin release in the dog

The effect of potassium infusion on proximal sodium reabsorption and renin release in the dog. The effect of infusions of potassium chloride (KC1) on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule and renal renin release was measured in 18 dogs. Following renal arterial infusions of 8 or 16 µEq/min/kg potassium chloride, fractional and absolute sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule, measured by micropuncture techniques, was not significantly altered. As compared to five control dogs, urinary sodium excretion was significantly increased following both infusions of KC1. The release of renin was significantly decreased following both rates of potassium infusion. The inhibition of renin release was not associated with consistent changes in either glomerular filtration rate or renal plasma flow. The data indicate that the inhibition of renin release following the infusion of potassium is probably not the result of a marked increase in sodium delivery from the proximal tubule

Association of acculturation with cardiac structure and function among Hispanics/Latinos: a cross-sectional analysis of the echocardiographic study of Latinos.

OBJECTIVE:Hispanics/Latinos, the largest immigrant population in the USA, undergo the process of acculturation and have a large burden of heart failure risk. Few studies have examined the association of acculturation on cardiac structure and function. DESIGN:Cross-sectional. SETTING:The Echocardiographic Study of Latinos. PARTICIPANTS:1818 Hispanic adult participants with baseline echocardiographic assessment and acculturation measured by the Short Acculturation Scale, nativity, age at immigration, length of US residence, generational status and language. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES:Echocardiographic assessment of left atrial volume index (LAVI), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), early diastolic transmitral inflow and mitral annular velocities. RESULTS:The study population was predominantly Spanish-speaking and foreign-born with mean residence in the US of 22.7 years, mean age of 56.4 years; 50% had hypertension, 28% had diabetes and 44% had a body mass index &gt;30 kg/m2. Multivariable analyses demonstrated higher LAVI with increasing years of US residence. Foreign-born and first-generation participants had higher E/e' but lower LAVI and e' velocities compared with the second generation. Higher acculturation and income &gt;20K were associated with higher LVMI, LAVI and E/e' but lower e' velocities. Preferential Spanish-speakers with an income <20K had a higher E/e'. CONCLUSIONS:Acculturation was associated with abnormal cardiac structure and function, with some effect modification by socioeconomic status

Field Evidence for Geophysical Detection of Subsurface Zones of Enhanced Microbial Activity

Geochemical data from closely spaced vertical intervals in a hydrocarbon-impacted aquifer were used to assess the relationship between bulk conductivity and zones of enhanced microbial activity. The bulk conductivity was measured using in situ vertical resistivity probes. Microbial activity was verified using terminal electron acceptors (nitrate, sulfate, iron, and manganese), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and major ion chemistry. Peaks in bulk conductivity in the aquifer overlapped with zones where nitrates and sulfates were depleted, total petroleum hydrocarbon, iron, manganese, dissolved ions, and DIC were elevated, suggesting a link between higher electrical conductivity and zones of enhanced microbial activity stimulated by the presence of hydrocarbon. Thus the subsurface expression of microbial activity is apparently recorded in the bulk conductivity measurements. Our results argue for combining geophysics with biogeochemistry studies to delineate subsurface zones of enhanced microbial activity

Successful use of axonal transport for drug delivery by synthetic molecular vehicles

We report the use of axonal transport to achieve intraneural drug delivery. We constructed a novel tripartite complex of an axonal transport facilitator conjugated to a linker molecule bearing up to a hundred reversibly attached drug molecules. The complex efficiently enters nerve terminals after intramuscular or intradermal administration and travels within axonal processes to neuron cell bodies. The tripartite agent provided 100-fold amplification of saturable neural uptake events, delivering multiple drug molecules per complex. _In vivo_, analgesic drug delivery to systemic and to non-targeted neural tissues was greatly reduced compared to existing routes of administration, thus exemplifying the possibility of specific nerve root targeting and effectively increasing the potency of the candidate drug gabapentin 300-fold relative to oral administration