Essential Cover and Closure

2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 16N80, 16S70, 16D25, 13G05.We construct some new examples showing that Heyman and Roos construction of the essential closure in the class of associative rings can terminate at any finite or the first infinite ordinal

Role for Chitin and Chitooligomers in the Capsular Architecture of Cryptococcus neoformans

Molecules composed of beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and deacetylated glucosamine units play key roles as surface constituents of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. GlcNAc is the monomeric unit of chitin and chitooligomers, which participate in the connection of capsular polysaccharides to the cryptococcal cell wall. in the present study, we evaluated the role of GlcNAc-containing structures in the assembly of the cryptococcal capsule. the in vivo expression of chitooligomers in C. neoformans varied depending on the infected tissue, as inferred from the differential reactivity of yeast forms to the wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) in infected brain and lungs of rats. Chromatographic and dynamic light-scattering analyses demonstrated that glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), the major cryptococcal capsular component, interacts with chitin and chitooligomers. When added to C. neoformans cultures, chitooligomers formed soluble complexes with GXM and interfered in capsular assembly, as manifested by aberrant capsules with defective connections with the cell wall and no reactivity with a monoclonal antibody to GXM. Cultivation of C. neoformans in the presence of an inhibitor of glucosamine 6-phosphate synthase resulted in altered expression of cell wall chitin. These cells formed capsules that were loosely connected to the cryptococcal wall and contained fibers with decreased diameters and altered monosaccharide composition. These results contribute to our understanding of the role played by chitin and chitooligosaccharides on the cryptococcal capsular structure, broadening the functional activities attributed to GlcNAc-containing structures in this biological system.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ)NIHTraining Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and GeneticsDepartment of EnergyUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Microbiol Prof Paulo de Goes, Lab Estudos Integrados Bioquim Microbiana, BR-21941902 Rio de Janeiro, BrazilAlbert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bronx, NY 10467 USAAlbert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Bronx, NY 10467 USAAlbert Einstein Coll Med, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USAGdansk Univ Technol, Dept Pharmaceut Technol & Biochem, PL-80952 Gdansk, PolandUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Disciplina Biol Celular, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Disciplina Biol Celular, BR-04023062 São Paulo, BrazilNIH: AI033142NIH: AI033774NIH: AI052733NIH: HL059842Training Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Genetics: T32 GM007491Department of Energy: DE-FG-9-93ER-20097Web of Scienc

Wykłady z algebry ogólnej. 2

Zdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku – kontynuacja, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy BIBL/SP/0040/2023/01.Wydanie publikacji sfinansowano ze środków Wydziału Matematyki i Informatyki Uniwersytetu w BiałymstokuR. R. Andruszkiewicz, Wykłady z algebry ogólnej I, 'Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, Białystok 2005.Cz. Bagiński, Wstęp do teorii grup, SCRIPT, Warszawa 2002.A. Białynicki-Birula, Algebra, PWN, Warszawa 1971.J. Browkin, Teoria ciał, PWK, Warszawa 1977.M. Bryński i J. Jurkiewicz, Zbiór zadań z algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1978.A. I. Kostrykin, Wstęp do algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1984.A. I. Kostrykin, Zbiór zadań z algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1995.J. Rutkowski, Algebra abstrakcyjna w zadaniach, PWN, Warszawa 2000

Wykłady z algebry liniowej. 1

Zdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku – kontynuacja, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy BIBL/SP/0040/2023/01.A. Białynicki-Birula, Algebra liniowa z geometrią, PWN, Warszawa 1976.A. Białynicki-Birula, Algebra, PWN, Warszawa 1971.L. Jeśmianowicz, J. Łoś, Zbiór zadań z algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1976.A. I. Kostrykin, Wstęp do algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1984.A. I. Kostrykin, Zbiór zadań z algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1995.A. Mostowski i M. Stark, Elementy algebry wyższej, PWN, Warszawa 1972

Wykłady z algebry ogólnej. 1

Zdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy SONB/SP/512497/2021.Cz. Bagiński, Wstęp do teorii grup, SCRIPT, Warszawa 2002.A. Białynicki-Birula, Algebra, PWN, Warszawa 1971.J. Browkin, Teoria ciał, PWN, Warszawa 1977.M. Bryński i J. Jurkiewicz, Zbiór zadań z algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1978.A. I. Kostrykin, Wstęp do algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1984.A. I. Kostrykin, Zbiór zadań z algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1995

Wykłady z algebry liniowej. 2

Zdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki" Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy SONB/SP/512497/2021.R. R. Andruszkiewicz, Wykłady z algebry liniowej I, Wydawnictwo UwB, Białystok 2005.G. Banaszak, W. Gajda, Elementy algebry liniowej cz. II, WNT, Warszawa 2002.A. Białynicki-Birula, Algebra liniowa z geometrią, PWN, Warszawa 1976.L. Jeśmianowicz, J. Łoś, Zbiór zadań z algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1976.A. I. Kostrykin, Wstęp do algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1984.A. I. Kostrykin, Zbiór zadań z algebry, PWN, Warszawa 1995.A. Mostowski, M. Stark, Elementy algebry wyższej, PWN, Warszawa 1972.

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42\ub74% vs 44\ub72%; absolute difference \u20131\ub769 [\u20139\ub758 to 6\ub711] p=0\ub767; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5\u20138] vs 6 [5\u20138] cm H2O; p=0\ub70011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30\ub75% vs 19\ub79%; p=0\ub70004; adjusted effect 16\ub741% [95% CI 9\ub752\u201323\ub752]; p<0\ub70001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0\ub780 [95% CI 0\ub775\u20130\ub786]; p<0\ub70001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status. Funding: No funding

Spontaneous Breathing in Early Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Insights From the Large Observational Study to UNderstand the Global Impact of Severe Acute Respiratory FailurE Study

OBJECTIVES: To describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome with or without spontaneous breathing and to investigate whether the effects of spontaneous breathing on outcome depend on acute respiratory distress syndrome severity. DESIGN: Planned secondary analysis of a prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study. SETTING: International sample of 459 ICUs from 50 countries. PATIENTS: Patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation and available data for the mode of mechanical ventilation and respiratory rate for the 2 first days. INTERVENTIONS: Analysis of patients with and without spontaneous breathing, defined by the mode of mechanical ventilation and by actual respiratory rate compared with set respiratory rate during the first 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Spontaneous breathing was present in 67% of patients with mild acute respiratory distress syndrome, 58% of patients with moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome, and 46% of patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Patients with spontaneous breathing were older and had lower acute respiratory distress syndrome severity, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores, ICU and hospital mortality, and were less likely to be diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome by clinicians. In adjusted analysis, spontaneous breathing during the first 2 days was not associated with an effect on ICU or hospital mortality (33% vs 37%; odds ratio, 1.18 [0.92-1.51]; p = 0.19 and 37% vs 41%; odds ratio, 1.18 [0.93-1.50]; p = 0.196, respectively ). Spontaneous breathing was associated with increased ventilator-free days (13 [0-22] vs 8 [0-20]; p = 0.014) and shorter duration of ICU stay (11 [6-20] vs 12 [7-22]; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Spontaneous breathing is common in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome during the first 48 hours of mechanical ventilation. Spontaneous breathing is not associated with worse outcomes and may hasten liberation from the ventilator and from ICU. Although these results support the use of spontaneous breathing in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome independent of acute respiratory distress syndrome severity, the use of controlled ventilation indicates a bias toward use in patients with higher disease severity. In addition, because the lack of reliable data on inspiratory effort in our study, prospective studies incorporating the magnitude of inspiratory effort and adjusting for all potential severity confounders are required