Future climate change will impact the migration of New World migrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae)

Climate change is reaching several tipping points, likely resulting in habitat shifts at a global scale. Such changes could have serious consequences for migratory species. For instance, climatic changes may impact the distribution of breeding and non-breeding ranges, resulting in longer migration distances for some species. The flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are the largest family of birds in New World. They are small insectivorous birds with different distributions and migratory strategies, including both tropical and temperate species. Here, we aim to map the climatically suitable ranges for Tyrannidae in the future, compare them to their present ranges, and quantify the changes in range size and in migratory distance. We show different impacts on species that breed in the northern vs. southern hemisphere. Furthermore, results suggest that tropical and temperate species would suffer from different stressors. Neotropical austral migrant species would lose part of their breeding ranges, while Nearctic-Neotropical species would need to fly longer distances to reach the same climatic conditions of their current breeding ranges. Because past climate shifts have shaped the evolution of bird migration, these insights are also key for elucidating the mechanisms underlying the evolution and regulation of bird migration, and for conservation planning.conselho nacional de desenvolvimento científico e tecnológic

Evaluación de plantines de hortalizas de hojas y repollo, provenientes de dos volúmenes de contenedor y tres mezclas de sustratos, para su transplante a campo

Plantines de hortalizas de hojas y brasicaceas, fueron crecidos en invernáculo, en contenedores de poliestireno de 98 celdas ( c/ una 25 cm3) y celulosa biodegradable de 25 celdas, (c/una 100 cm3). Fueron utilizadas tres tipos de mezclas de sustratos, con lombricompuesto, turba, perlita, en diferentes proporciones en volumen, en la mezcla M1 (33%, 33%, 33%), mezcla M2 ( 50%, 25%, 25%), y mezcla M3 ( 75%, 12,5%, 12,5%) respectivamente. A los 30 días de edad, lechuga cv divina, escarola cv corazón lleno, acelga cv bressane, espinaca cv amadeo INTA, remolacha cv detroit , repollos cv corazón de buey y cv gloria , fueron lavados en suspensión acuosa por 24 hs y separadas a nivel de hipocótile, para determinación de peso fresco en hojas (PHH), en raíz (PHR) y el porcentaje de parte aérea (%PA) y radicular (%PR). Posteriormente fueron colocadas en estufa a 65ºC, por 16 hs, para registro de peso seco de hojas, raíz y porcentaje de materia seca de ambas partes (%MSH, y %MSR). Plantines de igual edad fueron transplantados, en un diseño de parcela subdividida, con cuatro repeticiones por tipo de contenedor y mezcla de sustrato, para la observación del peso medio de planta a cosecha. En todos los cultivares los plantines en la mezcla M3, incrementaron el % PA y en la mezcla M1 el % PR. La escarola cv c.lleno y lechuga cv divina, tuvieron mayor PHH y PHR, en los contenedores de poliestireno (98 celdas), con la mezcla M1 mientras que la espinaca cv amadeo INTA en los de celulosa biodegradable (25 celdas), con la M3. La remolacha cv detroit, repollos cv c de buey y cv gloria , manifestarón un PHH superior, con la mezcla M3 en los de celulosa (25 celdas), pero sus raíces fueron superiores en la mezcla la M1 (PHR) con relación a M3. En todos los cultivares los plantines tuvieron, valores mas altos de % MSH y % MSR, en contenedores de poliestireno (98 celdas) con relación a los de celulosa (25 celdas), independientemente de las mezclas de sustratos analizadas. El peso medio de plantas a cosecha de espinaca cv amadeo INTA, demostró estar influenciado previamente por el PHH en la etapa de plantín, pero en el resto de los cultivares no se encontró relación alguna.EEA San PedroFil: Ullé, Jorge Ángel. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Pedro; ArgentinaFil: Ponso, Sonia. Estudiante. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Re, Leonardo. Estudiante. Universidad Nacional del Litoral; ArgentinaFil: Sordo, María del Huerto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela. Agencia de Extensión Rural Monte Vera; Argentin

A mosaic of induced and non-induced branches promotes variation in leaf traits, predation and insect herbivore assemblages in canopy trees

Forest canopies are complex and highly diverse environments. Their diversity is affected by pronounced gradients in abiotic and biotic conditions, including variation in leaf chemistry. We hypothesised that branch-localised defence induction and vertical stratification in mature oaks constitute sources of chemical variation that extend across trophic levels. To test this, we combined manipulation of plant defences, predation monitoring, food-choice trials with herbivores and sampling of herbivore assemblages. Both induction and vertical stratification affected branch chemistry, but the effect of induction was stronger. Induction increased predation in the canopy and reduced herbivory in bioassays. The effects of increased predation affected herbivore assemblages by decreasing their abundance, and indirectly, their richness. In turn, we show that there are multiple factors contributing to variation across canopies. Branch-localised induction, variation between tree individuals and predation may be the ones with particularly strong effects on diverse assemblages of insects in temperate forests

Reformulação do conceito de especialização trófica e sua aplicação a espécies e comunidades

Orientador: Thomas Michael LewinsohnTexto em português e inglêsTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Nesta tese propomos um desenvolvimento do conceito de especialização no uso de recursos, de forma a incluir aspectos pouco considerados, principalmente no contexto de interações: afinidades entre os tipos de recursos, sua disponibilidade e padrões de coocorrência. Por meio da incorporação de avanços recentes em estudos ecofilogenéticos e em modelos nulos, propomos novas métricas para a especialização de espécies e comunidades, e aplicamos esses avanços para responder a questões particulares. No primeiro capítulo, o arcabouço conceitual é apresentado de forma mais geral, e uma métrica para a especialização de espécies é proposta e exemplificada. O segundo capítulo, de natureza metodológica, estende essa métrica para comunidades e propõe uma partição da variação em especialização entre espécies e entre locais de forma hierarquizada. O terceiro capítulo investiga a capacidade destas ferramentas de evidenciar relações entre a especialização e a distribuição geográfica de espécies de insetos endófagos de capítulos de Asteraceae no Brasil. Por fim, o quarto capítulo utiliza o mesmo conjunto de dados para investigar o papel da diversidade filogenética de recursos na determinação da riqueza de insetos que os utilizamAbstract: In this thesis we propose a development of the resource specialization concept to include aspects usually not taken into account, especially for trophic interactions: affinities among resource types, their availabilities and cooccurrence patterns with consumers. By incorporating recent advances in ecophylogenetics and null modelling, we propose new metrics for the specialization of species and communities and apply these advances to address particular questions. In the first chapter the general conceptual framework is presented and a metric for the specialization of species is proposed and exemplified. The second chapter, mostly methodological, expands this metric for communities and proposes a hierarchical partitioning of the variation in specialization among species and locations. The third chapter tests this toolset in showing the relationship between specialization and geographic distribution ranges of endophagous insects feeding in Asteraceae flowerheads in Brazil. Finally, the fourth chapter uses the same dataset to investigate the role of phylogenetic diversity of resources in determining the richness of insect herbivores using themDoutoradoEcologiaDoutor em Ecologi

Hosp-plant dependent wing morphometric variation in the butterfly Heliconius erato Phyllis (Nymphalidae)

Orientadores: Andre Victor Lucci Freitas, Gilson Rudinei Pires MoreiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de BiologiaResumo: Insetos fitófagos e suas plantas hospedeiras são um modelo valioso no estudo da influência do ambiente sobre o fenótipo, uma vez que estas são a única fonte de alimento e modulam a interação do herbívoro com outras espécies. Dado esse papel preponderante, espera-se que a planta hospedeira exerça influência em diversas características dos herbívoros, das mais diretamente relacionadas ao desempenho a diferenças sutis na morfologia. Além disso, deve haver relação inversa entre o desempenho e a magnitude da assimetria flutuante dos indivíduos criados em cada uma das hospedeiras. Para testar essas expectativas, estudamos o tamanho e a forma das asas, e sua assimetria, na borboleta Heliconius erato phyllis. Por meio das ferramentas da morfometria geométrica, testamos se havia variação em forma e tamanho entre indivíduos criados em diferentes hospedeiras e testamos também se havia assimetria direcional e flutuante. Detectamos uma variação marcada na forma das asas entre indivíduos que consumiram diferentes hospedeiras, uma assimetria direcional muito consistente, além de resultados pouco consistentes para a assimetria flutuante. Os resultados observados reforçam o papel da plasticidade fenotípica e das plantas hospedeiras na variação morfológica de insetos fitófagos, além de contribuírem com as atuais críticas à assimetriaflutuante como indicadora de desempenho.Abstract: Phytophagous insects and its host plants are a valuable model to study how the environment can influence an organism's phenotype, as plants are the only food source and mediate the herbivore's interaction with other species. It is expected that the host exerts influence on diverse herbivore traits, from those directly related to performance to subtle differences in morphology. Além disso, deve haver relação inversa entre o desempenho e a magnitude da assimetria flutuante dos indivíduos criados em cada uma das hospedeiras. Besides, an inverse relationship between performance and fluctuating asymmetry is expected for individuals reared on different hosts. To test these expectations, we investigate variation in wing size, shape and asymmetry in the butterfly Heliconius erato phyllis. By using geometric morphometrics tools, we tested size and shape variation among hosts and also tested fluctuating and directional asymmetry in shape and size. We detected a strong wing shape variation among individuals reared on different host species, a very consistent directional asymmetry and inconsistent results for fluctuating asymmetry. The observed results reinforce the role of phenotypic plasticity and of the host-plants in the morphological variation of phytophagous insects, besides contributing to the current criticism raised against fluctuating asymmetry as an index of performance.Universidade Estadual de CampiEcologiaMestre em Ecologi

Pollinator availability, mating system and variation in flower morphology in a tropical savanna tree

ABSTRACT Widely distributed organisms face different ecological scenarios throughout their range, which can potentially lead to micro-evolutionary differentiation at specific localities. Mating systems of animal pollinated plants are supposed to evolve in response to the availability of local pollinators, with consequent changes in flower morphology. We tested the relationship among pollination , mating system, and flower morphology over a large spatial scale in Brazilian savannas using the tree Curatella americana (Dilleniaceae). We compared fruit set with and without pollinators in the field, and analyzed pollen tube growth from self- and cross-pollinated flowers in different populations. Populations with higher natural fruit set also had lower fruit set in bagged flowers, suggesting stronger barriers to self-fertilization. Furthermore, higher levels of autogamy in field experiments were associated with more pollen tubes reaching ovules in self-pollinated flowers. Morphometric studies of floral and leaf traits indicate closer-set reproductive organs, larger stigmas and smaller anthers in populations with more autogamy. We show that the spatial variation in mating system, flower morphology and pollination previously described for herbs also applies to long-lived, perennial tropical trees, thus reemphasizing that mating systems are a population-based attribute that vary according to the ecological scenario where the plants occur.</div

Pericarpial nectary-visiting ants do not provide fruit protection against pre-dispersal seed predators regardless of ant species composition and resource availability

This dataset describes the number of flowers, fruits and seed set of Tocoyena formosa in branches exposed (control) and isolated (ant exclusion) from ants, as well as the visiting ants and seed predators reared from fruits collected from both treatments.Fil: Andre Sanz-Veiga, Priscila. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Laboratório de ecologia de polinização e interação; Brasil.Fil: Ré, Jorge Leonardo. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Departamento de Biología Animal; Brasil.Fil: Benítez Vieyra, Santiago. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; Argentina.Fil: Benítez Vieyra, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina.Fil: W Amorim, Felipe. Universidade Estadual Paulista. Instituto de Biociências. Laboratório de ecologia de polinização e interação; Brasil