Viscosity properties of bimodal bitumen emulsions: new approach

The emulsions used in the manufacture of half warma sphat should contain very little water in their formulation. Conventional monomodal emulsions have a maximum dispersed phase concentration, ϕ, of 0.69. Recent research in this field is focused on the development of concentrated emulsions, ϕ = 0.70-0.74, or highly concentrated emulsions, ϕ >0.74. The concentrated or highly concentrated emulsions have little water in their formulation, <30%, but consequently have very high viscosities. This article summarizes the main conclusions related with the design, formulation and viscosity of bimodal concentrated bitumen emulsions.To formulate a bimodal emulsion is necessary to firstly manufacture two monomodal emulsion with a controlled drop size distribution from 1 and 5 μm respectively. These emulsions should be prepared with a system able to control the final drop size. In this study we have used the HIPR (High Internal Phase Ratio) procedure. The emulsions formulated in this paperare characterized by having viscosities up to ten time slower than their small monomodal size counterparts

Detailed ground study of 8 - 13 micron infrared imagery, Carrizo Plains, California

Infrared imagery study to determine dark thermal anomalies associated with San Andreas fault trac

Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosol at an urban background and a road site in Barcelona (Spain) during SAPUSS

This study investigates the contribution of potential sources to the submicron (PM₁) organic aerosol (OA) simultaneously detected at an urban background (UB) and a road site (RS) in Barcelona during the 30 days of the intensive field campaign of SAPUSS (Solving Aerosol Problems by Using Synergistic Strategies, September–October 2010). A total of 103 filters at 12 h sampling time resolution were collected at both sites. Thirty-six neutral and polar organic compounds of known emission sources and photo-chemical transformation processes were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of the trace chemical compounds analyzed are herein presented and discussed. <br><br> Additionally, OA source apportionment was performed by multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) and six OA components were identified at both sites: two were of primary anthropogenic OA origin and three of secondary OA origin, while a sixth one was not clearly defined. Primary organics from emissions of local anthropogenic activities (urban primary organic aerosol, or POA Urban), mainly traffic emissions but also cigarette smoke, contributed 43% (1.5 μg OC m^&minus;3) and 18% (0.4 μg OC m^&minus;3) to OA at RS and UB, respectively. A secondary primary source – biomass burning (BBOA) – was found in all the samples (average values 7% RS; 12% UB; 0.3 μg OC m^&minus;3), but this component was substantially contributing to OA only when the sampling sites were under influence of regional air mass circulation (REG.). Three secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components (describing overall 60% of the variance) were observed in the urban ambient PM₁. Products of isoprene oxidation (SOA ISO) – i.e. 2-methylglyceric acid, C₅ alkene triols and 2-methyltetrols – showed the highest abundance at both sites when the city was under influence of inland air masses. The overall concentrations of SOA ISO were similar at both sites (0.4 and 0.3 μg m⁻³, or 16% and 7%, at UB and RS, respectively). By contrast, a SOA biogenic component attributed to &alpha;-pinene oxidation (SOA BIO PIN) presented average concentrations of 0.5 μg m⁻³ at UB (24% of OA) and 0.2 μg m^&minus;3 at RS (7%), respectively, suggesting that this SOA component did not impact the two monitoring sites at the same level. A clear anti-correlation was observed between SOA ISO and SOA PIN during nucleation days, surprisingly suggesting that some of the growth of urban freshly nucleating particles may be driven by biogenic α-pinene oxidation products but inhibited by isoprene organic compounds. A third SOA component was formed by a mixture of aged anthropogenic and biogenic secondary organic compounds (SOA Aged) that accumulated under stagnant atmospheric conditions, contributing for 12% to OA at RS (0.4 μg OC m^&minus;3) and for 18% at UB (0.4 μg OC m^&minus;3). <br><br> A sixth component, formed by C₇–C₉ dicarboxylic acids and detected especially during daytime, was called "urban oxygenated organic aerosol" (OOA Urban) due to its high abundance at urban RS (23%; 0.8 μg OCm^&minus;3) vs. UB (10%; 0.2 μg OCm^&minus;3), with a well-defined daytime maximum. This temporal trend and geographical differentiation suggests that local anthropogenic sources were determining this component. However, the changes of these organic molecules were also influenced by the air mass trajectories, indicating that atmospheric conditions have an influence on this component, although the specific origin on this component remains unclear. It points to a secondary organic component driven by primary urban sources including cooking and traffic (mainly gasoline) activities

Identification of yeasts isolated from wine-related environments and capable of producing 4-ethylphenol

www.elsevier.nl/locate/jnlabr/yfmic DOI:10.1016/S0740-0020(02)00152-1The ability to produce 4-ethylphenol from the substrate p-coumaric acid in synthetic media was evaluated for several yeast species associated with wine production.Molar conversion rates as high as 90% were found by only Dekkera bruxellensis, D. anomala and by some unidentified strains isolated from wine-related environments.Other unidentified strains produced traces of 4-ethylphenol. All unidentified strains showed the same cultural characteristics as D. bruxellensis when grown on DBDM (Dekkera/Brettanomyces differential medium) agar.The determination of long-chain fatty acid compositions and the utilization of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes specific for D. bruxellensis showed that the unidentified strains did not belong to this species.Further identification, by restriction pattern generated from PCR-amplification of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the two internal transcribed spacers (ITS), assigned the unidentified strains to Candida cantarelli, C. wickerhamii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces lactis and Pichia guilliermondii.However, only some strains of P. guilliermondii were capable of converting p-coumaric acid into 4-ethylphenol with efficiencies close to those observed in D. bruxellensis and D. anomala

Mechanisms of institutional continuity in neoliberal "success stories" : developmental regimes in Chile and Estonia

© 2015 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. Several mycoplasmas, such as the emergent human pathogen Mycoplasma genitalium, developed a complex polar structure, known as the terminal organelle (TO), responsible for a new type of cellular motility, which is involved in a variety of cell functions: cell division, adherence to host cells, and virulence. The TO cytoskeleton is organized as a multisubunit dynamic motor, including three main ultrastructures: the terminal button, the electrodense core, and the wheel complex. Here, we describe the interaction between MG200 and MG491, two of the main components of the TO wheel complex that connects the TO with the cell body and the cell membrane. The interaction between MG200 and MG491 has a KD in the 80 nM range, as determined by surface plasmon resonance. The interface between the two partners was confined to the >enriched in aromatic and glycine residues> (EAGR) box of MG200, previously described as a protein-protein interaction domain, and to a 25-residue-long peptide from the C-terminal region of MG491 by surface plasmon resonance and NMR spectroscopy studies. An atomic description of the MG200 EAGR box binding surface was also provided by solution NMR. An M. genitalium mutant lacking the MG491 segment corresponding to the peptide reveals specific alterations in cell motility and cell morphology indicating that the MG200-MG491 interaction plays a key role in the stability and functioning of the TO.This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion Grants BFU2012-36827 (to I. F.) and BFU2010-22209-C02-01 (to E. Q.), a grant from the Centre de Referencia de R+D de Biotecnologia (Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain) (to E. Q.), and by FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Programme-COMPETE and by Portuguese national funds through FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia under Project FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-027581 (EXPL/BBB-BQB/0546/2012) (to B. C.). The NMR characterization was conducted through the FP7 Access to Research Infrastructures (Bio-NMR Contract 261863) and by Instruct, which is part of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) and supported by national member subscriptionsPeer Reviewe

Caracterización y clasificación de los carbones cretácicos de Teruel. Relaciones entre sus características y el entorno geológico

27 páginas, 8 figuras, 4 tablas.[ES]: Se han caracterizado los carbones cretácicos de la cuenca minera de Teruel (España), mediante el estudio exhaustivo de 36 muestras de capa de todas las explotaciones con actividad minera. El estudio ha comprendido: Análisis inmediato, elemental y petrográfico. Asimismo, se han determinado otros parámetros cuyo conocimiento se consideró necesario. También se han realizado ensayos carboquimicos como oxidación e hidrogenación. Los resultados muestran que aunque estos carbones pertenecen todos a una misma unidad geológica (Formación Escucha), existen diferencias claras entre los carbones de las subzonas Norte y Sur del Distrito Minero. Estos carbones se han clasificado mediante sistemas científicos (Seyler, van Krevelen y Alpem-ICCP) y comerciales (ECE/IJN y ASTM). El mejor parámetro clasificatorio ha sido la reflectividad de la vitrinita. Según el sistema de clasificación utilizado, los carbones de la subzona Norte se pueden considerar como lignitos o subbituminosos B y los de la subzona Sur como subbituminosos B ó A. Las diferencias encontradas entre los carbones estudiados, se explican desde un punto de vista geológico, por dos motivos: 1) Diferente presión litostática sobre las capas de carbón según la subzona, debido al aumento progresivo de la potencia de los sedimentos del Cenomaniense - Senoniense (Cretácico Superior) de Norte a Sur del Distrito Minero. 2) Menor influencia de la orogénesis alpina en las subzona Norte, contrastando con la subzona Sur, donde provocó gran número de fallas y plegamientos (una estructuración más intensa de las sucesiones mesozoicas).[EN]: Cretaceous coals from the Teruel Mining District (Spain) have been characterized by an exhaustive study of 36 bed samples from alí of the underground and upen cut mines with activity in that cual field. This study has included proximate, elemental, petrographic and other analyses. Also, sume chemical tests, as oxidations and hydrogenations, have been carried out. The results show that although these coals belung tu the same geological unit (Escucha Furmation in the lower Cretaceous), there are clear differences between the Norther and Southem Subzones of the Mining District. These coals have been classified by sume scientific (Syler’s, van Krevelen diagram and Alpem-ICCP) and commercial (ECE/UN and ASTM) systems. The best parameter tu classify these coals has been the vitrinite reflectance. In depending un the used classification system, cuaN from the North Subzone can be cunsidered as lignites or subbituminous B while coals from the South Subzone can be considered as subbituminous B or A. The differences between both groups uf studied coals can be explained, from a geological viewpoint, by two major factors: 1) The lithostatic pressure supported by the cual beds has been different in depending un the Subzone, because of the progressive thickness increase of te Cenomanian - Senonian sediments (Upper Cretaceous) from the North tu the South uf the Mining District. 2) The intensity of te Alpine Orogeny was stronger in the South Subzone; where gaye rise tu a more intense structuration of the Mesozoic sequences.El proyecto de investigación: “Caracterización de carbones aragoneses” del que forma parte este proyecto, fue realizado en el Instituto de Carboquímica, gracias a la financiación del CSIC, OCICARBON y Diputación General de Aragón - Diputación Provincial de Teruel (Juan, 1990).Peer reviewe

Air quality comparison between two European ceramic tile clusters

The European ceramic tile industry is mostly concentrated in two clusters, one in Castelló (Spain) and another one in Modena (Italy). Industrial clusters may have problems to accomplish the EU air quality regulations because of the concentration of some specific pollutants and, hence, the feasibility of the industrial clusters can be jeopardised. The present work assesses the air quality in these ceramic clusters in 2008, when the new EU emission regulations where put into force. PM10 samples were collected at two sampling sites in the Modena ceramic cluster and one sampling site in the Castelló ceramic cluster. PM10 annual average concentrations were 12–14 μg m−3 higher in Modena than in Castelló, and were close to or exceeded the European limit. Air quality in Modena was mainly influenced by road traffic and, in a lower degree, the metalmechanical industry, as evidenced by the high concentrations of Mn, Cu, Zn, Sn and Sb registered. The stagnant weather conditions from Modena hindering dispersion of pollutants also contributed to the relatively high pollution levels. In Castelló, the influence of the ceramic industry is evidenced by the high concentrations of Ti, Se, Tl and Pb, whereas this influence is not seen in Modena. The difference in the impact of the ceramic industry on the air quality in the two areas was attributed to: better abatement systems in the spray-drier facilities in Modena, higher coverage of the areas for storage and handling of dusty raw materials in Modena, presence of two open air quarries in the Castelló region, low degree of abatement systems in the ceramic tile kilns in Castelló, and abundance of ceramic frit, glaze and pigment manufacture in Castelló as opposed to scarce manufacture of these products in Modena. The necessity of additional measures to fulfil the EU air quality requirements in the Modena region is evidenced, despite the high degree of environmental measures implemented in the ceramic industry. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified four factors in Modena, attributed to: road traffic + metalmechanical industry, mineral, ceramic, and background; and three factors in Castelló, attributed to: mineral, ceramic (with influence of road traffic) and regional background. The additional measures to improve the air quality should be focused mainly on road traffic in Modena, and on the ceramic industry in Castelló

Geochemical characterization of the mining district of Linares (Jaen, Spain) by means of XRF and ICP-AES

Linares (Jaen, Spain) has been subjected to an intense mining and metallurgic activity during 2500 years. Basically, lead and silver have been extracted from galena; as well as copper and zinc. Different studies have been conducted to evaluate trace element concentrations to obtain relationships with anthropogenic and geologic factors. The analytical results of these studies have been obtained with ICP-AES. This analytical technique is relatively expensive and inaccessible in zones with scarce economic means. In this study, XRF analyses have been conducted and the obtained results are presented, as well as a comparison with the previously obtained ICP results. In both cases, a cluster analysis has been made to try to identify the same relations in the target area. 5 groups have been identified, mainly related with lithology. Only 10 of the 122 grid squares (each one of 1 km2) are classified in different groups if the cluster analysis is conducted with XRF results or ICP results. ICP classifies better where these grid squares are located, mostly, in contact zones of different lithologies

Explicit meshfree solution for large deformation dynamic problems in saturated porous media

In this paper a new methodology to simulate saturated soils subjected to dynamic loadings under large deformation regime (locally up to 40% in equivalent plastic strain) is presented. The coupling between solid and fluid phases is solved through the complete formulation of the Biot’s equations. The additional novelty lies in the employment of an explicit time integration scheme of the u−w (solid displacement–relative fluid displacement) formulation which enables us to take advantage of such explicit schemes. Shape functions based on the principle of maximum entropy implemented in the framework of Optimal Transportation Meshfree schemes are utilized to solve both elastic and plastic problems