Heat Transfer Prediction for Single Droplet Impacts on a wetted Surface

The decrease in sizes of semiconductors and microelectronic devices, also decreases their ability to eject energy in the form of heat due to their small surface areas, which can lead to their failure. Spray cooling is one of the better high heat flux cooling techniques.;As an initial step, the impact of a single liquid drop on a thin liquid film has been simulated and studied, taking the energy equation into consideration. All the cases have been simulated in 3D with an open source CFD package OpenFOAM using Volume of Fluid (VOF) model. The post-processing of the data done in ParaView and MATLAB to obtain the predicted heat flux in the droplet impact cavity, the film thickness beneath the cavity and the sub-cavity liquid volume as functions of time. The sub-cavity film thickness and the liquid volume results are compared with the experiments. The cavity heat flux is predicted to be significantly higher than heat flux predictions outside the cavity

Telehealth usage through the COVID-19 pandemic: an evaluation of the feasibility of virtual platforms in healthcare

BACKGROUND: Telehealth is a healthcare delivery platform that allows for clinicians to deliver care via the phone or computer. The public health restrictions associated with the Covid-19 pandemic have shown how telehealth could be used as a platform to deliver care. With state-wide stay at home orders and the associated suspension of elective medical procedures telehealth rose as an option to deliver care to patients. Prior authors described that telehealth usage increased at the start of the pandemic and then decreased once the reopening processes in several states commenced in the May to June period. Although these studies have provided valuable information regarding telehealth, many of these did not look beyond the June time frame. In addition, the implications from the range of telehealth policies remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess policies and other drivers of telehealth use. In order to achieve this, we described the change in telehealth usage over the year of 2020, identified potential drivers of increased telehealth usage at the patient and policy level, and explored the heterogeneity of state policies. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 417,963 de-identified individuals with healthcare visits between December 2019 to December 2020. This data was extracted from HealthJump, which contains Electronic Health Record data sourced from participating members of its network. Visits were labeled telehealth by using CPT billing codes. We explored national and state-level trends in telehealth use, as well as patient-level drivers such as demographics, medical diagnoses, and Covid-19 status. RESULTS: Telehealth usage increased at the onset of the pandemic across the nation, different age groups, and various health diagnoses. The relaxation of state policies led to a decrease in telehealth usage across the nation and individual states but was higher than pre-pandemic conditions. Telehealth was used more by those with conditions deemed “at-high-risk” for Covid-19 as well as medical specialties that were more feasible for the virtual platform. Patients who were Covid-19 positive used telehealth more in the latter part of the year. Patients who were 65 and older did use telehealth, even though it was at a lower volume than the other age group (under 65). CONCLUSION: The Covid-19 pandemic has shown how telehealth can be an effective alternative to in-person visits for medical needs that are elective or non-life-threatening. Although telehealth may not be used in the same capacity as it was during Covid-19, the results show that people are willing to use it and that looking into the future Telehealth can be implemented into the healthcare system

A pharmacovigilance study of antiretroviral therapy in HIV positive out patients at a tertiary care teaching hospital

Background: Anti-Retroviral Therapy regimen (ART) is the only treatment option for treating the HIV positive patients for improving the immune system by increasing the CD4 cells. But eventually these medications lead to development of some Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) in seropositive patients under treatment.Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted for 6 months from March to August 2018 at ART Centre, Sri Venkateswara Ramnarayan Ruya Government General Hospital (SVRRGGH), Tirupati.Results: Out of 216 ADRs identified, majority where identified in females (54.35%). Most common regimen caused ADR was tenofovir+ lamivudine+ efavirenz (TLE) (55.55%). Data were analysed using the chi-square test were P-value was found to be 0.0024. Majority of ADRs were found in patients of age group between 31-35years was found to be 45 (20.83%) followed by age group between 41-45years was found to be 40 (18.51%). Most of the ADRs were related to central nervous system (27.31%) followed by metabolic disorders (26.38%), hematologic system (23.14%), gastrointestinal system (12.96%), dermatologic system (9.25%), renal system (0.46%) and musculoskeletal system (0.46%). On evaluation of WHO-UMC causality of ADRs, majority were found to be possible (78.7%). The Hartwig and Siegel’s severity assessment scale showed that most of the ADRs were mild (64.42%). The Schumock and Thornton preventability scale showed that 50.92% patients ADRs were probably preventable.Conclusions: As most of the ADRs were observed in patients receiving TLE regimen. So, patients receiving TLE regimen need intensive monitoring. Doctors, nurses, pharmacist must focus on early detection and prevention of ADRs, based on their severity

Triggered Release of Molecules across Droplet Interface Bilayer Lipid Membranes Using Photopolymerizable Lipids

A combination of nonpolymerizable phospholipids (DPPC or DPhPC) and a smaller amount of cross-linking photopolymerizable phospholipids (23:2 DiynePC) is incorporated in an unsupported artificial lipid bilayer formed using the droplet interface bilayer (DIB) approach. The DIB is formed by contacting lipid monolayer-coated aqueous droplets against each other in a dodecane–lipid medium. Cross-linking of the photopolymerizable lipids incorporated in the DIB was obtained by exposure to UV–C radiation (254 nm), resulting in pore formation. The effect of cross-linking on the DIB properties was characterized optically by measuring the diffusion of selectively encapsulated dye molecules (calcein) from one droplet of the DIB to the other droplet. Changes in DIB conductivity due to UV–C exposure were investigated using current–voltage (<i>I</i>–<i>V</i>) measurements. The leakage of dye molecules across the DIB and the increase in DIB conductivity after UV–C exposure indicates the formation of membrane pores. The results indicate that the DIB approach offers a simple and flexible platform for studying phototriggered drug delivery systems in vitro

A Four-Diode Full-Wave Ionic Current Rectifier Based on Bipolar Membranes : Overcoming the Limit of Electrode Capacity

Full-wave rectification of ionic currents is obtained by constructing the typical four-diode bridge out of ion conducting bipolar membranes. Together with conjugated polymer electrodes addressed with alternating current, the bridge allows for generation of a controlled ionic direct current for extended periods of time without the production of toxic species or gas typically arising from electrode side-reactions