Waste Generation in the Riga City and Their Composition

Items on waste generation in the Riga city are analysed. Short presentation of the study methods is provided, and achieved results are presented. Three different dwelling areas have been investigated: multi-apartment houses with and without of waste shoots and private houses. Comparison of obtained results with similar ones have been got abroad is included. It is stated that average solid household waste generation in the Riga city is 199.2 kg / capita / year or 1.52 m3/ capita / year. Morphological composition of waste is analysed, and it is stated that following types of waste are dominating: putrescible waste, paper-cardboard, glass and plastics. Conclusion is done that generated waste amount strongly depends on value of the gross domestic product is done, i.e. increase of waste amount generated per capita maybe expected in the Riga city

Distribution of iron and iron compounds in the Kemeri - Jaunkemeri occurence of sulphide water

Iron concentrations, distribution and migration forms, depending on pH and oxidation – reduction potential, were analyzed in case of the Kemeri-Jaunkemeri occurrence (area about 240 km2) of sulphide containing water (maximal sulphides concentration – 74 mg/l), located in Latvia. Iron content was investigated in 457 wells located within all area of occurrence. Those wells were installed to two aquifers: the Quarternary multi-aquifer and Salaspils aquifer, where occurrence of sulphide containing groundwater is distributed. All groundwater of occurrence is classified in four types depending on oxygen, sulphides and organic matter content in the groundwater.  Modeling of groundwater migration forms was carried out, and it is stated that iron migrates basically as Fe2+ in oxygen and suphides non-containing water. Migration forms are influenced by concentration of organic matter in the aquifer. The portion of Fe2+ migrating in a form of free decreases due to formation of complexes with fulvic and humic acids, which can reach 36.5% of all migration forms. Iron migrates as Fe(OH)3  in oxygen containing water (more than 99% of determined forms). Presence of iron is ascertained also in sulphides containing water, where iron migrates basically as (98.8% of determined forms).  This occurs due to formation of complexes with sulphydes – FeHS- and Fe(HS)2o

A placebo-controlled randomised trial of budesonide for PBC following an insufficient response to UDCA

Background & Aims: In patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), the efficacy of budesonide, a synthetic corticosteroid displaying high first-pass metabolism, is unresolved. In a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, we evaluated the added-value of budesonide in those with PBC and ongoing risk of progressive disease despite ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment. Methods: We evaluated 62 patients with PBC who had histologically confirmed hepatic inflammatory activity, according to the Ishak score, and an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) >1.5x upper limit of normal (ULN), after at least 6 months of UDCA therapy. Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 to receive budesonide (9 mg/day) or placebo once daily, for 36 months, with UDCA treatment (12-16 mg/kg body weight/day) maintained. Primary efficacy was defined as improvement of liver histology with respect to inflammation and no progression of fibrosis. Secondary outcomes included changes in biochemical markers of liver injury. Results: Recruitment challenges resulted in a study that was underpowered for the primary efficacy analysis. Comparing patients with paired biopsies only (n = 43), the primary histologic endpoint was not met (p>0.05). The proportion of patients with ALP = 15% decrease in ALP and normal bilirubin was higher in the budesonide group than in the placebo group at 12, 24, and 36 months (p Conclusion: Budesonide add-on therapy was not associated with improved liver histology in patients with PBC and insufficient response to UDCA; however, improvements in biochemical markers of disease activity were demonstrated in secondary analyses. Lay summary: Around one-third of patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) needs additional medical therapy alongside ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment. In this clinical trial, the addition of the corticosteroid budesonide did not improve liver histology; there were however relevant improvements in liver blood tests. (C) 2020 European Association for the Study of the Liver. Published by Elsevier B.V.Peer reviewe

Genesis of Sulphide Containing Ground water

Elektroniskā versija nesatur pielikumusDoktora darba tēzes SULFĪDUS SATUROŠO PAZEMES ŪDEŅU ĢENĒZE ANOTĀCIJA Atslēgas vārdi: sulfīdus saturošie pazemes ūdeņi, Ķemeru – Jaunķemeru atradne, sulfātu redukcija Promocijas darbā analizēts sulfīdu veidošanās process pazemes ūdeņos. Izmantojot pētījumu rezultātus par Ķemeru – Jaunķemeru atradni (246 km2), analizēta tās uzbūve un procesi nosakošie sulfīdu veidošanos, uzkrāšanos un degradāciju Salaspils ūdens horizontā. Izmantojot pH un Eh, veikta atradnes vides apstākļu shematizācija, kā arī noteikta sulfīdu izplatība un mikrobioloģiskās sulfātu redukcijas ātrums dažādās atradnes daļās. Salaspils horizonta ūdeņi, pēc to lomas atradnes veidošanās procesā, ņemot vērā ķīmisko un gāzu sastāvu, sadalīti septiņās grupās. Izmantojot izpētes, t.sk. eksperimentu, rezultātus, izvirzīta jauna hipotēze par sulfīdu veidošanos pazemes ūdeņos, pieņemot, ka sulfātu redukcijas baktērijas procesā izmanto organiskās vielas, ko satur Salaspils horizonta ūdeņi un /vai kas transformējušās mikrobioloģisko procesu rezultātā.DOCTORAL THESIS GENESIS OF SULPHIDE CONTAINING GROUNDWATER ANNOTATION Key words: sulphide containing groundwater, Ķemeri – Jaunķemeri occurrence, sulphate reduction Distribution of hydrogen sulphide in groundwater is analyzed in the promotion study. Based on investigations carried out at the Kemeri – Jaunkemeri occurrence of the sulphide containing water (246 km2), the structure of it and processes determining generation and degradation of sulphides in the Salaspils aquifer are analyzed. Zoning of the occurrence is done based on pH and Eh, distribution of sulphides and velocity of microbiological sulphate reduction are determined. Waters of the Salaspils aquifer, chemical composition and gases content are classified into seven groups. A new hypothesis on sulphide generation is brought forward, incl. experimental ones, assuming that sulphate reduction bacteria use organic matter distributed in water of the Salaspils aquifer and / or organic matter transformed during microbiological processes

Genesis of Sulphide Containing Ground water

Doktora darba tēzes SULFĪDUS SATUROŠO PAZEMES ŪDEŅU ĢENĒZE ANOTĀCIJA Atslēgas vārdi: sulfīdus saturošie pazemes ūdeņi, Ķemeru – Jaunķemeru atradne, sulfātu redukcija Promocijas darbā analizēts sulfīdu veidošanās process pazemes ūdeņos. Izmantojot pētījumu rezultātus par Ķemeru – Jaunķemeru atradni (246 km2), analizēta tās uzbūve un procesi nosakošie sulfīdu veidošanos, uzkrāšanos un degradāciju Salaspils ūdens horizontā. Izmantojot pH un Eh, veikta atradnes vides apstākļu shematizācija, kā arī noteikta sulfīdu izplatība un mikrobioloģiskās sulfātu redukcijas ātrums dažādās atradnes daļās. Salaspils horizonta ūdeņi, pēc to lomas atradnes veidošanās procesā, ņemot vērā ķīmisko un gāzu sastāvu, sadalīti septiņās grupās. Izmantojot izpētes, t.sk. eksperimentu, rezultātus, izvirzīta jauna hipotēze par sulfīdu veidošanos pazemes ūdeņos, pieņemot, ka sulfātu redukcijas baktērijas procesā izmanto organiskās vielas, ko satur Salaspils horizonta ūdeņi un /vai kas transformējušās mikrobioloģisko procesu rezultātā.DOCTORAL THESIS GENESIS OF SULPHIDE CONTAINING GROUNDWATER ANNOTATION Key words: sulphide containing groundwater, Ķemeri – Jaunķemeri occurrence, sulphate reduction Distribution of hydrogen sulphide in groundwater is analyzed in the promotion study. Based on investigations carried out at the Kemeri – Jaunkemeri occurrence of the sulphide containing water (246 km2), the structure of it and processes determining generation and degradation of sulphides in the Salaspils aquifer are analyzed. Zoning of the occurrence is done based on pH and Eh, distribution of sulphides and velocity of microbiological sulphate reduction are determined. Waters of the Salaspils aquifer, chemical composition and gases content are classified into seven groups. A new hypothesis on sulphide generation is brought forward, incl. experimental ones, assuming that sulphate reduction bacteria use organic matter distributed in water of the Salaspils aquifer and / or organic matter transformed during microbiological processes

GROUNDWATER, SURFACE WATER AND LEACHATE MONITORING IN HOUSEHOLD WASTE LANDFILL „GETLINI”

The paper is about the largest landfill in Latvia Getlini. Waste from Riga city and surroundings are disposed here. The waste landfilling once was started in the old sand-gravel quarry, next to the Getlini bog, and no environment protection measures were taken. Currently total area of the Getlini landfill is 87 ha and 36 ha of it occupy the old dumpsite (waste hill). Contaminants from the waste with storm water leached to the over groundwater and under groundwater and contaminated it. In the paper contamination level and spreading of leachate, surface water and groundwater are described