CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE : IV. LACK OF CLASS DIFFERENTIATION IN THYMIC ANTIGEN-REACTIVE CELLS

Thymocytes and marrow cells of unprimed donor mice were mixed in vitro and transplanted into X-irradiated syngeneic mice. 18 hr later, sheep erythrocytes were injected to induce immune responses. Splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) secreting IgM (direct PFC) or IgG (indirect PFC) hemolytic antibody were enumerated at the time of peak responses. By transplanting graded and limiting numbers of thymocytes with 4 x 107 marrow cells, inocula were found which contained one or a few thymic antigen-reactive cells (ARC) reaching the recipient spleens, interacting with marrow cells, and inducing PFC formation. The frequency values of ARC inferred from direct and indirect plaque assays were very similar, 1 in ∼107 thymocytes. Furthermore, statistical analysis indicated that the formation of direct PFC was not independent of the formation of indirect PFC. This was interpreted to mean that ARC were not specialized themselves and did not determine the molecular class of antibody to be secreted after interaction with marrow cells. Spleens of thymus-marrow grafted mice containing one or two ARC and non-limiting numbers of marrow precursors of PFC (P-PFC), had direct and indirect PFC clustered in several focal areas. Assuming that each focal area represented the progeny of one P-PFC that had interacted with ARC, these results confirmed the statistical evidence for lack of class differentiation in thymic ARC, and also indicated that each ARC or its progeny cells interacted with more than one P-PFC of either class

CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM OF MICE : V. CLASS DIFFERENTIATION IN MARROW PRECURSORS OF PLAQUE-FORMING CELLS

Marrow cells and thymocytes of unprimed donor mice were mixed in vitro and transplanted into X-irradiated syngeneic hosts. 18 hr later sheep erythrocytes were injected to induce immune responses. Splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) secreting IgM (direct PFC) or IgG (indirect PFC) hemolytic antibody were enumerated at the time of peak responses. By transplanting graded and limiting numbers of marrow cells with 5 x 107 thymocytes, inocula were found that contained few precursors of PFC (P-PFC) reaching the recipient spleens, interacting with thymocytes, and generating PFC. However, the frequency of responses in relation to the number of grafted marrow cells did not follow Poisson statistics, presumably because the interaction of marrow cells with thymocytes was more complex than a single or a one-to-one cell event. The frequency of direct PFC responses was greater than that of indirect PFC responses in 13 of 15 groups of mice tested. This was interpreted as evidence for the existence of two classes of P-PFC, each of which was restricted to generate either direct or indirect PFC. The precursors of direct PFC were ∼ 15 times more frequent than those of indirect PFC. Since thymic antigen-reactive cells were not differentiated for antibody class, it follows that antigen-sensitive units reactive to sheep erythrocytes owe their class restriction to specialized marrow cells. Specialization of P-PFC may have arisen within marrow cell lines by differentiation, or may have been conferred upon P-PFC by interaction with other cells, including those of the irradiated host

Successful Treatment of Acute Prostatitis Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli With Tigecycline Monotherapy

We present a successful treatment, with tigecycline monotherapy, of acute prostatitis caused by multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli harboring an NDM-1 carbapemenase along with a CMY-2 cephalosporinase and a TEM ESBL

Tumori dell’intestino tenue: nostra esperienza in urgenza

I tumori dell’intestino tenue sono neoplasie relativamente rare. Sintomi di natura aspecifica ed esami diagnostici di basse sensibilità e validità sono complessivamente responsabili di una diagnosi ritardata e, in caso di malignità, di malattia spesso avanzata e per lo più incurabile con l’intervento. Uno studio retrospettivo è stato effettuato in 42 casi con presentazione clinica di acuzie, dal 1972 al 2001; l’età media dei pazienti è stata di 52 anni (range 14-79 anni); c’è stata una lieve prevalenza del sesso femminile (57.1% vs 42.9%). La presentazione acuta più comune è stata l’occlusione (57.1%), seguita da sanguinamento gastrointestinale (23.8%), perforazione (14.3%) e occlusione/perforazione (4.8%). I tumori benigni si sono presentati nel 38.1% (16 casi), l’adenoma rappresenta il tipo più comune; le forme maligne sono state il 61.9% (26 casi), l’adenocarcinoma e i linfomi rappresentano l’istotipo più comune. La chirurgia radicale è stata possibile solo nel 57% delle forme maligne (24 pazienti): la morbidità è stata del 4.8% (2 casi: 1 deiscenza anastomotica e 1 ascesso subfrenico); la mortalità è stata del 14.3%. Dal nostro studio retrospettivo possiamo affermare che la sopravvivenza per le lesioni maligne è strettamente dipendente dalla precocità della diagnosi TNM e dalla possibilità di una procedura chirurgica radicale, prima che la lesione diventi non resecabile, come è accaduto nel 42% dei nostri casi. Un indice di sospetto estremamente elevato nella valutazione di sintomi, spesso aspecifici, integrato con studi diagnostici specifici, potrebbe rappresentare l’approccio più appropriato. La prognosi per le forme benigne è invece eccellente in tutti i casi

Feral Swine as Indirect Indicators of Environmental Anthrax Contamination and Potential Mechanical Vectors of Infectious Spores

U.S. government wor

Stature estimation using the knee height measurement amongst Brazilian elderly

Stature is an important variable in several indices of nutritional status that are applicable to elderly persons. However, stature is difficult or impossible to measure in elderly because they are often unable to maintain the standing position. A alternative is the use of estimated height from measurements of knee height measure. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the formula proposed by Chumlea et al. (1985) based on the knee of a Caucasian population to estimate the height and its application in calculation of body mass index in community- dwelling older people residents in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The sample included 621 elderly aged 60 years old and older, living in the community. Measures of weight, height and knee height (KH) were taken and Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated with the measured weight and estimated. The Student`s t-test was used for comparison of measurements of height between the genders. For the comparison of estimated and measured values it was used paired t-test and also the methodology proposed by Bland and Altman to compare the difference between measurements. To evaluate the agreement between the classifications for BMI was used Cohen's Kappa. The average values obtained from KH were higher than those measured in the whole sample and women. There underestimation of BMI in females and also in the whole. The present results suggest that the equation Chumlea was not adequate to estimate the height of the sample in question, especially for women.La estatura es una variable importante en varios índices del estado nutricional que son aplicables a las personas mayores. Sin embargo, la estatura es difícil o imposible de medir en la edad avanzada, ya que a menudo son incapaces de mantener la posición de pie. Una alternativa es el uso de altura estimada a partir de mediciones de medida de altura de la rodilla. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la exactitud de la fórmula propuesta por Chumlea et al. (1985), basado en la altura de la rodilla de una población caucásica para estimar la altura y su aplicación en el cálculo del índice de masa corporal en las personas mayores residentes en la comunidad de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil. La muestra incluyó a 621 adultos mayores de 60 anos y más, que viven en la comunidad. Se tomaron medidas de peso, talla y altura de la rodilla (AR) y el Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) se calculó con el peso medido y estimado. Se utilize la prueba T del estudiante para la comparación de las mediciones de altura entre los géneros. Para la comparación de los valores estimados y medidos se utilizó la prueba T pareada y también la metodología propuesta por Bland y Altman para comparar la diferencia entre las mediciones. Para evaluar el acuerdo entre las clasificaciones para el IMC se utilizó el Kappa de Cohen. Los valores medios obtenidos a partir de AR fueron más altos que los medidos en la muestra completa y mujeres. Hay subestimación de IMC en mujeres y también en el conjunto. Los resultados sugieren que la ecuación Chumlea no era adecuado para estimar la altura de la muestra en cuestión, especialmente para las mujeres

Oxidation of Hepatic Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase-I (CPT-I) Impairs Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation in Rats Fed a Methionine-Choline Deficient Diet

There is growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction, and more specifically fatty acid β-oxidation impairment, is involved in the pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The goal of the present study was to achieve more understanding on the modification/s of carnitinepalmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), the rate-limiting enzyme of the mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, during steatohepatitis. A high fat/methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet, administered for 4 weeks, was used to induce NASH in rats. We demonstrated that CPT-Iactivity decreased, to the same extent, both in isolated liver mitochondria and in digitonin-permeabilized hepatocytes from MCD-diet fed rats. At the same time, the rate of total fatty acid oxidation to CO2 and ketone bodies, measured in isolated hepatocytes, was significantly lowered in treated animals when compared to controls. Finally, an increase in CPT-I mRNA abundance and protein content, together with a high level of CPT-I protein oxidation was observed in treated rats. A posttranslational modification of rat CPT-I during steatohepatitis has been here discussed

Prevalence and etiology of anemia in the elderly: a full review

Purpuses: to describe the prevalence and etiology of anemia in the elderly in the original studies published. Methods: systematic review of articles published between 2008 and 2013, the electronic databases PubMed and Science Direct. Using descriptors predetermined english, covering articles that used: “anemia”, “elderly”, “etiology”, used in combination. Results: was founded 77 articles. After filtering process were selected 18 studies that presented results of prevalence and etiology of anemia in the elderly. Conclusion: there was a wide range in the prevalence of anemia (5.5% to 62.6%), as well as the etiology. Hospitalized and institutionalized elderly showed a high prevalence of anemia with increased risk for mortality. Non-institutionalized elderly constituted the majority of the target population and the main cause of anemia was chronic and unexplained. The etiology of anemia found in these surveys included the three main causes of anemia in the elderly, which is by nutritional deficiencies, chronic and unexplained anemia, confirming this multifactorial disease.Objetivos: Descrever a prevalência e a etiologia da anemia em idosos nos estudos originais publicados. Métodos: Revisão integrativa de artigos publicados entre 2008 e 2013, nas bases de dados eletrônicos PubMed e Science Direct. Utilização de descritores pré-determinados em inglês, abrangendo artigos que utilizassem: “anemia”, “elderly”, “etiology”, usados em combinação. Resultados: Foram encontrados 77 artigos. Após processo de filtragem selecionou-se 18 estudos que apresentavam resultados da prevalência e etiologia da anemia em idosos. Conclusão: Observou-se grande amplitude nas prevalências de anemias (5,5% a 62,6%), assim como a etiologia. Idosos hospitalizados e institucionalizados apresentaram elevadas prevalências de anemia com aumento para risco de mortalidade. Idosos não institucionalizados constituíram a maior parte da população alvo e nesses, a principal etiologia da anemia foi doença crônica e inexplicada. A etiologia da anemia encontrada nestas pesquisas contemplou as três principais causas de anemia nos idosos, quais seja por deficiências nutricionais, doenças crônicas e anemia inexplicada, confirmando a multifatorialidade desta doença