Mepanipyrim residues on pasteurized red must influence the volatile derived compounds from Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolism

The impact of mepanipyrim (Mep) and its corresponding commercial formulation (Mep Form) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites was assessed, separately, by using laboratory-scale wine fermentation assays on pasteurized red must. The presence of Mep did not alter the fermentation course. With regard to volatiles formed at the intracellular level by fermenting yeast cells, Mep residues affected mainly the acetate and ethyl ester biochemical pathways. In particular, the target acetates showed a notorious increment, >90%, in presence of commercial Mep Form at the higher dose assayed. The addition of Mep and Mep Form, at both tested levels, highly increased ethyl caprylate (between 42 and 63%) and ethyl caprate (between 36 and 60%) contents as the same as their respective fatty acid precursors. No important effects were observed on colour and non-volatile pyranoanthocyanins, probably due to the low anthocyanin content characteristic of pasteurized musts.Xunta de Galicia | Ref. EM2013/004POCTEP | Ref. 0377_IBERPHENOL_6_EMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. AGL2015-66491-C2-1-

Hypothalamic AMPK-ER Stress-JNK1 Axis Mediates the Central Actions of Thyroid Hormones on Energy Balance

Thyroid hormones (THs) act in the brain to modulate energy balance. We show that central triiodothyronine (T3) regulates de novo lipogenesis in liver and lipid oxidation in brown adipose tissue (BAT) through the parasympathetic (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS), respectively. Central T3 promotes hepatic lipogenesis with parallel stimulation of the thermogenic program in BAT. The action of T3 depends on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-induced regulation of two signaling pathways in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH): decreased ceramide-induced endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress, which promotes BAT thermogenesis, and increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation, which controls hepatic lipid metabolism. Of note, ablation of AMPK alpha 1 in steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) neurons of the VMH fully recapitulated the effect of central T3, pointing to this population in mediating the effect of central THs on metabolism. Overall, these findings uncover the underlying pathways through which central T3 modulates peripheral metabolism.Peer reviewe

Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

Effect of different rates of spent mushroom substrate on the dissipation and bioavailability of cymoxanil and tebuconazole in an agricultural soil

36 páginas, 4 figuras, 3 tablas. -- The definitive version is available at http://www.elsevier.comPhysicochemical methods to immobilize pesticides in vulnerable soils are currently being developed to prevent water contamination. Some of these methods include the use of different organic residues to modify soils because they could limit the transport of pesticides and/or facilitate their dissipation. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) may be used for these purposes. Accordingly a study was conducted under laboratory conditions to know the dissipation and bioavailability of the fungicides cymoxanil and tebuconazole over time in a vineyard soil amended with two rates of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (5% and 50% (w/w)), selected to prevent the diffuse or point pollution of soil. The dissipation of cymoxanil was more rapid than that of tebuconazole in the different soils studied. The dissipation rate was higher in the amended soil than in the unamended one for both compounds, while no significant differences were observed between the amended soils in either case. An apparent dissipation occurred in the amended soil due to the formation of non-extractable residues. Bound residues increased with incubation time for tebuconazole, although a proportion of this fungicide was bioavailable after 303 days. The major proportion of cymoxanil was tightly bound to the amended soil from the start, although an increasing fraction of bound fungicide was bioavailable for mineralization. Soil dehydrogenase activity was significantly affected by SMS application and incubation time; however, it was not significantly modified by fungicide application. The significance of this research suggests that SMS applied at a low or high rate to agricultural soil can be used to prevent both the diffuse or point pollution of soil through the formation of non-extractable residues, although more research is needed to discover the time that fungicides remain adsorbed into the soil decreasing either bioavailability (tebuconazole) or mineralization (cymoxanil) in SMS-amended soils.This work was funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project AGL2010-15976/AGR). AAM thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) for her FPI-predoctoral fellowship (BES-2011-047811). EPJ thanks the MINECO for her Juan de la Cierva-postdoctoral contract (JCI-2011-10150)Peer reviewe

Influence of Herbicide Triasulfuron on Soil Microbial Community in an Unamended Soil and a Soil Amended with Organic Residues

The effect of organic amendments and pesticides on a soil microbial community has garnered considerable interest due to the involvement of microorganisms in numerous soil conservation and maintenance reactions. The aim of this work was to assess the influence on a soil microbial community of the simultaneous application of the herbicide triasulfuron at three doses (2, 10, and 50 mg kg-1), with an organic amendment [sewage sludge (SS) or green compost (GC)]. Dissipation kinetics, soil microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and respiration, and the profile of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) extracted from the soil, were determined in unamended (S) soil and amended (S+SS and S+GC) ones. Triasulfuron dissipation followed the single first-order kinetics model. Half-life (DT50) values were higher in the amended soils than in the unamended one for the 10 and 50 mg kg-1 doses. The dissipation rates were lower in the S+GC soil for the three herbicide doses applied. In general, soil biomass, DHA and respiration values increased in SS- and GC-amended soils compared to the unamended one. DHA values decreased (S and S+SS) or increased (S+GC) with the incubation time of soil with herbicide at the different doses applied. Respiration values increased with the herbicide doses applied and decreased with the incubation time, although maximum values were obtained for soils treated with the highest dose after 70 days of incubation. PLFA analysis indicated different effects of triasulfuron on the soil microbial community structure depending on the organic amendments. While the increasing triasulfuron doses resulted in deeper alterations in the S soil, the time after triasulfuron application was the most important variation in the S+SS and S+GC soils. The overall results indicate that the soil amendment has an effect on herbicide dissipation rate and the soil microbial community. Initially, a high dose of triasulfuron had detrimental effects on the soil microbial community, which is important in the case of the long-term use of this compound.This work was supported by the “Junta de Castilla y León” (project CSI264A12-1 and CSI240U14). EP-J was supported by a postdoctoral contract (Juan de la Cierva JCI-2011-10150) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation.Peer reviewe

Dissipation of herbicides after repeated application in soils amended with green compost and sewage sludge

37 páginas, 3 figuras, 4 tablas. -- The definite version is available at http://www.elsevier.comCertain agricultural practices, such as the repeated application of herbicides or organic amendments to soil, can influence herbicide dissipation. This research has studied the effects of two repeated applications of mesotrione, pethoxamid, and triasulfuron on their dissipation rates in unamended soil (S) and soil amended with green compost (S+GC) or sewage sludge (S+SS). The dissipation experiment has also included an evaluation of the adsorption of the three herbicides by soils and of changes in soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA). The adsorption of the three herbicides by amended soils (Kf range 0.83–2.98) was higher than by unamended soil (Kf range 0.20–0.64). The adsorption coefficients (Kd) of mesotrione and triasulfuron were higher for S+SS, while that of pethoxamid was higher for S+GC, but no relationship between values for the time to 50% degradation (DT50) and adsorption coefficients could be determined. The repeated application of mesotrione decreased its dissipation rate in unamended soil (DT50 increased from 4.75 to 8.15 days) and amended soils (DT50 increased from 11.7 to 28.2 days in S+GC and from 17.7 to 37.9 in S+SS), whereas the repeated application of pethoxamid increased its dissipation rate in all the treatments, and the rate for triasulfuron increased only in amended soils. The highest DT50 values for pethoxamid (12.3 days) and triasulfuron (57.1 days) were in S+GC, and the lowest in S+SS (8.35 and 24.7 days). Soil DHA was stimulated by the presence of GC in the soil and by the first application of mesotrione. The second application of mesotrione and pethoxamid positively affected soil DHA, but this did not occur for triasulfuron. The repeated applications of herbicides and soil organic amendments have different effects on herbicide dissipation, adsorption, and soil DHA, and they should be taken into account when assessing soil quality and other potential environmental implications of pesticide use.This work was supported by the Junta de Castilla y León (project CSI264A12-1). EPJ thanks to the Ministry of Science and Innovation for her postdoctoral Juan de la Cierva contract (JCI-2011-10150). JMMB thanks to the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for their Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación contract (IJCI-2014-19538). We would like to thank Aqualia SA and local authorities of Salamanca for their collaboration.Peer reviewe

Mesotrione dissipation and response of soil microbial communities in a soil amended with organic residues

14 páginas, 5 figuras y 3 tablasThe application of different organic residues as a soil amendment is an agricultural practice used to improve soil fertility by increasing the soil organic matter (OM). However, the OM from these residues can influence the behavior of pesticides applied jointly to the soil. Modification of the pesticide bioavailability in soils is of special interest since it can affect the activity and/or functioning of soil microbial community. Accordingly, the dissipation kinetics of mesotrione in unamended soil (S) and soils amended with sewage sludge (S+SS), green compost (S+C) and commercial pellets (S+P) and its possible effects on the soil microbial communities were studied. Soil biological parameters were determined as indicators of the soil microbial activity, functioning and structure: microbial biomass, dehydrogenase activity, respiration, and analysis of the phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profile extracted from the soil. Dissipation was more rapid in unamended soil than in amended soils and half-life (DT50) values followed the order S+SS > S+C % S+P > S. The biomass values increased in the amended soils with the exception of the P-amended soil. However, mesotrione had different effects on this parameter depending on the soil treatment. In general, dehydrogenase activity was stimulated by the addition of the amendment and herbicide to soil. Initially, respiration was higher in the unamended soil (control and treated soils) than the amended soils and mesotrione did not have any affect on this parameter. PLFAs analysis indicated that the overall structure of active microbial communities as well as the relative abundance of certain groups of microorganisms clearly changed according to the type of amendment and the incubation time, but remained unaffected by the application of mesotrione.This work was supported by the “Junta de Castilla y León” (project CSI264A12-1)Peer reviewe

Pethoxamid dissipation and microbial activity and structure in an agricultural soil: Effect of herbicide rate and organic residues

36 páginas, 3 tablas y 4 figuras . -- The final version is available at http://www.elsevier.comSoil is a non-renewable resource, and its degradation compromises human health, 2 natural ecosystems, and even the climate. The application of organic amendments and 3 herbicides is commonplace in agriculture, and their impact on soil fertility needs to be 4 evaluated. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effect on soil microbial activity 5 and structure of amendments, sewage sludge (SS) and green compost (GC), and the rate 6 of herbicide pethoxamid applied (2, 10 and 50 mg kg-1). Herbicide dissipation kinetics, 7 soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) and the profile of phospholipid-derived fatty acids 8 (PLFAs) extracted from the soil have been determined in unamended (S) and amended 9 (S+SS and S+GC) soils. The dissipation curves of pethoxamid applied at the three rates 10 closely fitted a single first order kinetics model in all the soils. The dissipation rate 11 decreased with the rate applied in the order 2 mg kg-1 > 10 mg kg-1 > 50 mg kg-1 in 12 unamended and amended soils. However, the half-life or time required for 50% 13 dissipation (DT50) of pethoxamid was not significantly different in unamended and 14 amended soils when applied at 2 and 10 mg kg-1, but it was lower in the amended soils 15 than in the unamended one when the herbicide was applied at the highest rate. The 16 highest DHA mean values were obtained in S+GC treated with pethoxamid at 2, 10 and 17 50 mg kg-1; however, DHA was lower in S+SS than in S. Peak DHA values were 18 observed in S and S+GC soils treated with pethoxamid at 2 mg kg-1 at 15 days of 19 incubation, and in S, S+GC and S+SS treated with the herbicide at 10 and 50 mg kg-1 at 20 35 days of incubation. These peak DHA values are close to 50% of herbicide 21 dissipation. A statistical analysis of the PLFA results has revealed significant effects for 22 sampling time in all the soils, for the pethoxamid rate, and for the interaction between 23 time and pethoxamid rate only in S+GC and S+SS. The application of organic 24 amendments to soil accelerated the dissipation of higher rates of pethoxamid compared to the unamended soil, which is important to prevent the herbicide’s negative impacts 26 on the soil microbial community.This work was supported by the regional government, the “Junta de Castilla y León” 456 (project CSI264A12-1). Eva Pose-Juan and Jesús M. Marín-Benito were supported by a 457 postdoctoral contract (Juan de la Cierva JCI-2011-10150 and IJCI-2014-19538, 458 respectively) from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness.Peer reviewe

Tetraconazole alters the methionine and ergosterol biosynthesis pathways in Saccharomyces yeasts promoting changes on volatile derived compounds

The influence of antifungal tetraconazole residues (either as an active substance or as a commercial formulation product) on the fermentative activity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast was evaluated in pasteurized Garnacha red must by using laboratory-scale fermentation assays. The presence of this fungicide promoted a slight decrease in glucose consumption. Volatile fermentative-derived compounds were evaluated in deep. Statistically significant changes were found in methionol (with a mean decrease of around 24%), fatty acids (with increments ranged from 23% to 66%), and ethyl esters (with increases ranged from 23% to 145%) contents when grape musts were enriched with the commercial formulation at both contamination levels assayed. Based on protein mass fingerprinting analysis, it was possible to relate these variations on volatiles content with changes in the activity of several enzymes (Met3p, Met14p, Adh2p, Hmg1p, Erg5p, Erg6p, Erg11p, and Erg20p) involved in the secondary metabolism of yeasts.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. AGL2015-66491-C2-1-RFondo Europeo de Desarrollo RegionalXunta de Galici