Is low female presence in urology a brazilian issue?

Introduction: The increased presence of women in different work spaces can be also seen in Medicine. Although there's still a majority of men, 54.4% in 2017, women are the youngest doctors in the country, counting 55%. This number has been increasing since 1970, and in 2014 women have become responsible for most new medical records. However, this growth in the medical world has been restricted to some specialties. Urology, the focus of this study, remains the specialty with fewer women. In 2013, 1.7% of the graduates were female, and in 2018 rose to only 2.2%, one of the smallest growths among 53 specialties (only bigger than neurosurgery, 0.32%). Low female adherence is often justified by cultural issues, prejudice, misinformation and also the patient's supposed difficulty in opening up about her sexuality with a female doctor. The purpose of this study is to analyze the presence of women in urology in different countries and compare them with national data using publicly accessible information.Objective: Compare and analyze Brazilian statistics of the presence of women in urology with different countries in the last 10 years.Methodology: A bibliographical research was conducted with Brazilian statistics and compared to different international data on the presence of women in urology between 2008 and 2018. The information was collected by means of official free access data available online.Results: Data were collected from countries in different continents. The Brazilian data show a growth of the female presence in urology that is insignificant in the analyzed period, being one of the lowest of the data found. Other countries, such as France - which grew from 2.75% to 6.93% - had a more significant increase in female presence, although not following the expected increase. The United States, on the other hand, grew from 4.7% to 8.7%, which is closer to the general reality of medicine in the country (6.9%).Conclusion: The collected data indicate that the absence of women in urology is not a strictly Brazilian problem, however, it seems to be worse in Brazil. Further studies on the subject are needed in order to better understand the scenario of the presence of women in urology

Efeito da rotação de culturas na atividade enzimática total do solo.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a atividade enzimática do solo, em rotações de culturas envolvendo espécies de feijão, milho, braquiária e milheto

Teores de nitrogênio e de clorofilas em folhas de feijão e de soja inoculados com rizóbios.

Com o objetivo de avaliar os teores de nitrogênio total e de clorofila total em plantas de feijão e de soja conduziu-se um experimento em Goiânia-GO, utilizando delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três repetições

Migration, communities-on-the-move and international innovation networks: An empirical analysis of Spanish regions

This paper investigates the impact of migration on innovation networks between regions and foreign countries. We posit that immigrants (emigrants) act as a transnational knowledge bridge between the host (home) regions and their origin (destination) countries, thus facilitating their co-inventorship networks. We also argue that the social capital of both the hosting and the moving communities reinforces such a bridging role, along with language commonality and migrants’ human capital. Focusing on Spain, as a country that hosted an intense process of migration over the past two decades, we combine patent data with national data on residents and electors abroad and we apply a gravity model to the co-inventorship between Spanish provinces (NUTS3 regions) and a number of foreign countries. Both immigrants and emigrants affect the kind of innovation networking at stake. The social capital of both the moving and the hosting communities actually moderate this impact in a positive way. The effect of migration is stronger for more skilled migrants and with respect to non-Spanish speaking countries, pointing to a language-bridging role of migrants. Policy implications are drawn accordingly

Reconceptualizing Context: A Multilevel Model of the Context of Reception and Second-Generation Educational Attainment

This paper seeks to return scholarly attention to a core intellectual divide between segmented and conventional (or neo-)assimilation approaches, doing so through a theoretical and empirical reconsideration of contextual effects on second-generation outcomes. We evaluate multiple approaches to measuring receiving country contextual effects and measuring their impact on the educational attainment of the children of immigrants. We demonstrate that our proposed measures better predict second-generation educational attainment than prevailing approaches, enabling a multilevel modeling strategy that accounts for the structure of immigrant families nested within different receiving contexts

The use of the Alvarado score in the management of right lower quadrant abdominal pain in the adult

AIM OF THE STUDY: The Alvarado score is a validated test in clinical adult surgery practice which can be helpful in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. This study aimed to assess the reliability and the reproducibility of this score for patients presenting in the emergency room with acute right lower quadrant abdominal pain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective monocenter study included all adults who presented in the emergency room with right lower quadrant abdominal pain. The score was calculated by assessing six symptoms and two laboratory values weighted by coefficients. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis was confirmed by the histological examination of the resected appendix. Three groups of patients with high, low, and intermediate scores were defined as described in the literature. RESULTS: Of the 233 patients studied, 174 underwent surgery: three had a normal appendix on histological exam. The statistical analysis of the results showed that a score lower than 4 was significantly associated with the absence of acute appendicitis while a score higher than 6 was significantly associated with acute appendicitis which required surgical care. But a score between 4 and 6 was not discriminant. CONCLUSION: The Alvarado score is a reliable, cheap and reproducible tool for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the emergency room; if the score is higher than 6 or lower than 4, there is no need for complementary exams. Patients with a score between 4 and 6, require serial reassessment of physical findings and score over 24 hours and/or complementary diagnostic exam such as ultrasound or CT scan

Caracterização diamétrica de um povoamento de Araucaria angustifolia (bertol.) Kuntze sob alta competição.

Resumo

Competition index: a tool to define thinning in stands of Araucaria angustifolia.

IUFROLAT 2013. Disponibilizado online. Resumen

Language and cultural capital in school experience of Polish children in Scotland

This article addresses the complex relationship between migration and education in the context of recent intra-European labour mobility. It considers how this mobility impacts the education and life chances of migrant students attending schools in Scotland, UK. By examining the experiences of Polish migrant children and youth at schools in Scotland, the article engages with the issues of language, cultural capital transferability and social positioning. Drawing on qualitative data from 65 in-depth interviews with school children aged 5–17 years, their parents and teachers, as well as observations in the contexts of school and home, the article points to a range of factors affecting the transition of migrant pupils to new schools and social environments

Organizational-Social-Capital, Time and International Family SMEs:An Empirical Study from the East of England

Previous studies on family-SME internationalization have largely focused on what resources are needed to drive an incremental process rather than how resource management occurs in historical time. This paper focuses on the latter, adopting a social capital perspective (capturing both internal, i.e. among family-SME board members, and external, cross border agent dyads, relations) in order to decipher case study data from the East of England. Findings show that it is not the presence or absence of organizational-social-capital that affects family-SME internationalization success but rather its variable use over the years driven by the future pursuit of longevity, not growth. Key within this context is the variable use of the international expertise and management capability of non-family managers in the family SME intra-organizational context. Ultimately this may lead to change and learning that occurs erratically, often including reversals, without causing family-SME progression across a sequence of incremental stages