Perinatal outcome in abnormal placental villus proliferation and mesenchymal dysplasia

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) is a rare vascular anomaly which is characterized by mesenchymal stem villous hyperplasia and placentomegaly. Since the modality of treatment changes it is necessary to distinguish PMD from molar pregnancy, placenta mosaicism, chorioangioma, twin pregnancy with co-existent molar pregnancy. On reviewing cases of abnormal placental villus proliferation having features of placental mesenchymal hyperplasia placentomegaly and cystic appearance of placenta in database of our hospital from 2015-2019, we reported 4 cases of abnormal placental villous proliferation. And performed systematic review of existing literature. Provisional   diagnosis of PMD was made as USG and placental morphology showed 30-60% of the placenta with cystic vesicles, placentomegaly with a normal growing fetus. PMD an uncommon vascular anomaly which resembles molar pregnancy but prognosis is different. The fetus was normal in majority of the cases. This clinical entity should be kept in mind to avoid unnecessary termination of pregnancy

Rainwater Harvesting: The Relationship Between Water Supply Contamination and Community Participation in Rural Karnataka, India

One hundred twenty-five households in the village of Gandathur (rural Karnataka, India) were examined in a quantitative and qualitative study, assessing the contaminant level of harvested rainwater in relation to the degree of community participation with each catchment system. Data was collected during the summer of 2006 at a site chosen in the southwestern region of India in collaboration with the non-profit organization MYRADA. At the time of data collection, the village had 125 rainwater harvesting structures completed and in use, and 22 under progress. The households with the finished technology were questioned verbally during a community meeting regarding the level, frequency and routine of their operation and maintenance procedure with the harvesting tank, gutter, surface and filtration components. Following the completion of the surveying period, microbial and physicochemical samples were taken of each system. A simple bacteriological test detecting H2S producing bacteria, whose presence is consistently associated with coliform and fecal contamination in water, was utilized on each system. Ten additional samples of 17 physicochemical parameters (pH, turbidity, color, conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, nitrate, etc.) were sampled from randomly selected households, bore-wells and from the backwaters of the Kabini River to comparatively assess the quality of the various sources of water. The results revealed that 37 out of the 125 rainwater harvesting systems supplied water that was not suitable for human consumption. It is anticipated that the quality of water will directly correlate to the level of operations and maintenance performed by the households. MYRADA has agreed to educate and provide proper training demonstrations to those households that may be instigating the growth of the harmful bacteria

Distributions of Patterns of Pair of Successes Separated by Failure Runs of Length at Least and at Most Involving Markov Dependent Trials: GERT Approach

We use the Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) to obtain probability generating functions of the waiting time distributions of 1st, and th nonoverlapping and overlapping occurrences of the pattern , involving homogenous Markov dependent trials. GERT besides providing visual picture of the system helps to analyze the system in a less inductive manner. Mean and variance of the waiting times of the occurrence of the patterns have also been obtained. Some earlier results existing in literature have been shown to be particular cases of these results

Pituitary Stalk Duplication: A Radiological Surprise in a Child With Short Stature

Objective: Pituitary stalk abnormalities are one of the causes of hypopituitarism. Isolated pituitary stalk duplication with a single pituitary gland is extremely rare with only a few cases reported to date. The present case has a different clinical picture as compared to the cases that were previously reported in the literature. Case Report: A 2 years 6-month-old male child, a product of nonconsanguineous marriage, presented with short stature, micropenis with unilateral undescended testis, and delayed motor milestones. His bone age was delayed by 6 months. On further evaluation, he was found to be euthyroid, with stimulated growth hormone (GH) and stimulated gonadotropin levels were suboptimal, whereas the cortisol and the prolactin were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary revealed pituitary stalk duplication with a single pituitary gland of normal dimensions and fused tuber cinereum and mammillary body. Discussion: To our knowledge, only 7 cases with isolated pituitary stalk duplication were reported. The presenting complaint could be primarily of hypopituitarism like short stature or a neurologic complaint or ocular abnormality. The pituitary hormone deficiencies are variable with GH deficiency being the most common as seen in our case. Other associated features could be the morning glory disc anomaly, moyamoya disease, pituitary adenoma or hypoplasia, split hypothalamus, and sellar dermoid. Conclusion: Pituitary stalk duplication is a developmental disorder that is diagnosed only by imaging. Patients should be evaluated for hypopituitarism, particularly the GH and gonadotrophins deficiency, and also screened for associated neurologic and ocular abnormalities