Biodegradable and Sustainable Synthetic Antibodies—A Perspective

Molecular imprinting technology has been around for almost a century, and we have witnessed dramatic advancements in the overall design and production of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), particularly in terms of possible formats of the final products when it comes to truly resembling antibody substitutes, i.e., MIP nanoparticles (MIP NPs). Nonetheless, the overall technology appears to struggle to keep up with the current global sustainability efforts, as recently elucidated in the latest comprehensive reviews, which introduced the “GREENIFICATION” concept. In this review, we will try to elucidate if these advancements in MIP nanotechnology have indeed resulted in a sustainability amelioration. We will do so by discussing the general production and purification strategies for MIP NPs, specifically from a sustainability and biodegradation perspective, also considering the final intended application and ultimate waste management

Evidence for a quadruplex structure in the polymorphic hs1.2 enhancer of the immunoglobulin heavy chain 3’ regulatory regions and its conservation in mammals

Regulatory regions in the genome can act through a variety of mechanisms that range from the occurrence of histone modifications to the presence of protein-binding loci for self-annealing sequences. The final result is often the induction of a conformational change of the DNA double helix, which alters the accessibility of a region to transcription factors and consequently gene expression. A similar to 300 kb regulatory region on chromosome 14 at the 3' end (3'RR) of immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain genes shows very peculiar features, conserved in mammals, including enhancers and transcription factor binding sites. In primates, the 3'RR is present in two copies, both having a central enhancer named hs1.2. We previously demonstrated the association between different hs1.2 alleles and Ig plasma levels in immunopathology. Here, we present the analysis of a putative G-quadruplex structure (tetraplex) consensus site embedded in a variable number tandem repeat (one to four copies) of hs1.2 that is a distinctive element among the enhancer alleles, and an investigation of its three-dimensional structure using bioinformatics and spectroscopic approaches. We suggest that both the role of the enhancer and the alternative effect of the hs1.2 alleles may be achieved through their peculiar three-dimensional-conformational rearrangement

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Cell Recognition

Since their conception 50 years ago, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have seen extensive development both in terms of synthetic routes and applications. Cells are perhaps the most challenging target for molecular imprinting. Although early work was based almost entirely around microprinting methods, recent developments have shifted towards epitope imprinting to generate MIP nanoparticles (NPs). Simultaneously, the development of techniques such as solid phase MIP synthesis has solved many historic issues of MIP production. This review briefly describes various approaches used in cell imprinting with a focus on applications of the created materials in imaging, drug delivery, diagnostics, and tissue engineering

Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of a Schwannoma of the Anterior Cranial Fossa.

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Persistence of Trypanosoma cruzi vector-borne transmission among school-age children in the Bolivian Chaco documented by 24-month longitudinal serosurveillance

Background Chagas disease represents a major public health concern in several Latin American countries, including Bolivia. Methods We present a longitudinal serosurvey for Trypanosoma cruzi antibodies among a cohort of 120 school-age children from rural communities in the Bolivian Chaco at three time points between 2017 and 2019. Serum samples extracted from dry blood spots collected on filter paper were tested for T. cruzi antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and rapid diagnostic test. Results T. cruzi antibodies were detected in 7/120 (5.8%), 8/120 (6.7%) and 11/120 (9.2%) samples in 2017, 2018 and 2019, respectively. An average incidence of 1.76 per 100 person-years was observed. Conclusions Our findings support the persistence of vector-borne T. cruzi transmission in this area, highlighting the need for strengthening multidisciplinary efforts against Chagas disease

Análisis de las exportaciones de minerales 2017-2021: TLC entre Perú y China

Currently, the accelerated growth of Chinese industries has allowed an increase in the consumption of minerals such as gold, iron, lead, copper and zinc. The objective of this article was to analyze the exports of the free trade agreement (FTA) between Peru and China from 2017 to 2021. The study is of an applied type because the existing knowledge on exports from Peru (PromPeru) was used. Same that determines the growth of exports on a progressive and gradual scale, in this sense China seeks to ensure the stability of the supply of resources, for the sustainability of its productive chain, in addition, the research is a descriptive type analysis documentary post facto. The results show that the minerals described are the most sent to the Asian country and the spike in remittances occurred from 2017. Finally, the FTA allows a boost to the growth of the national economy, since China is a very large market and this determines the level of exports of our country, therefore, it is suggested to analyze in more detail the exports, since it is necessary statistical analysis with hypothesis testing, the confidence level and the analysis should focus on a specific item, which allows comparing data from other countries in South America with Peru.En la actualidad, el acelerado crecimiento de las industrias chinas ha permitido un incremento del consumo de minerales como el: Oro, hierro, plomo, cobre y zinc. El objetivo de este artículo fue analizar las exportaciones del tratado de libre comercio (TLC) entre Perú y China del 2017 al 2021. El estudio es de tipo aplicado porque se utilizó el conocimiento existente sobre las exportaciones del Perú (PromPerú). Mismo que determina el crecimiento de las exportaciones a una escala progresiva y paulatina, en este sentido China busca garantizar la estabilidad del suministro de los recursos, para la sostenibilidad de su cadena productiva, además, la investigación es un análisis de tipo descriptivo documental post facto. Los resultados muestran que los minerales descritos son los más enviados al país asiático y el despunte de las remesas se dio a partir del año 2017. Finalmente, el TLC permite un impulso al crecimiento de la economía nacional, pues China es un mercado muy extenso y esto determina el nivel de exportaciones de nuestro país, por ello, se sugiere analizar con más detalle las exportaciones, pues es necesario los análisis estadísticos con prueba de hipótesis, el nivel de confianza y se debe enfocar el análisis a un rubro específico, que permita comparar datos de otros países de Sudamérica con Perú

Targeting Macrophages and Synoviocytes Intracellular Milieu to Augment Anti?Inflammatory Drug Potency

Using a preclinical in vivo model of arthritis and the gold standard disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug, methotrexate, pH-responsive phosphorylcholine polymersomes, elicit both anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic therapeutic efficacy, while drastically minimizing off-target toxicity. First, the selective accumulation of polymersomes within synovium of inflamed joints. Second, the polymersomes targeting ability toward activated macrophages and synoviocytes, via scavenger receptors, allow their uptake via endocytosis. And third, the polymersomes pH-responsiveness enables the drug escape from early endosomes and hence its intracellular milieu delivery. On-site augment of methotrexate loaded polymersomes enable the complete abrogation of synovial inflammation and prevent the disease progression and severity. Overall, in vitro and in vivo investigations reveal the potential of polymersomes as a promising nanotherapy for treating arthritic inflammation

Automatic solid-phase synthesis of molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MIP NPs)

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) are potential generic alternatives to antibodies in diagnostics and separations. To compete with biomolecules in these technological niches, MIPs need to share the characteristics of antibodies (solubility, size, specificity and affinity) whilst maintaining the advantages of MIPs (low cost, short development time and high stability). For this reason the interest in preparing MIPs as nanoparticles (MIP NPs) has increased exponentially in the last decade. Cont/d

Molecular Targets for Antibody-Based Anti-Biofilm Therapy in Infective Endocarditis

Infective endocarditis (IE) is a heart disease caused by the infection of heart valves, majorly caused by Staphilococcus aureus. IE is initiated by bacteria entering the blood circulation in favouring conditions (e.g., during invasive procedures). So far, the conventional antimicrobial strategies based on the usage of antibiotics remain the major intervention for treating IE. Nevertheless, the therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics in IE is limited not only by the bacterial drug resistance, but also by the formation of biofilms, which resist the penetration of antibiotics into bacterial cells. To overcome these drawbacks, the development of anti-biofilm treatments that can expose bacteria and make them more susceptible to the action of antibiotics, therefore resulting in reduced antimicrobial resistance, is urgently required. A series of anti-biofilm strategies have been developed, and this review will focus in particular on the development of anti-biofilm antibodies. Based on the results previously reported in the literature, several potential anti-biofilm targets are discussed, such as bacterial adhesins, biofilm matrix and bacterial toxins, covering their antigenic properties (with the identification of potential promising epitopes), functional mechanisms, as well as the antibodies already developed against these targets and, where feasible, their clinical translation