Photoelectrical and photoelectrochemical characterization of the materials used in dye-sensitized and perovskite solar cells.

Solar energy is one of the most important alternative renewable energy sources to fulfill the increasing demand of energy in the world. Third-generation solar cells like dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and organic solar cells are extensively studied to increase their photoconversion efficiency, and ultimately for their large-scale implementation. A dye-sensitized solar cell consists of a photoanode of a mesoporous film of titania sensitized with dye sandwiched with a counter electrode, which is usually a platinum-coated transparent conducting oxide, and a redox couple injected between the photoanode and counter electrode. Doping titania with rare-earth metal oxides (REOs) has been an interesting approach to improve the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells. REOs have been doped into titania paste to show an improvement in the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells, however, most of the reported cells are not efficient enough to conclude whether the enhancement is due to doping or it is because of the cell quality. We incorporated nanoparticles (NPs) of REOs in titania paste and built highly reproducible dye-sensitized solar cells using amphiphilic C101 dye and iodide/triiodide redox couple in nitrile-based solvent (Z960 electrolyte). The doping level for optimized cells was 2.0 % for neodymium oxide and 1.0 % for erbium oxide. We did the measurements of photocurrent, impedance, incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE), and dye loading to investigate the mechanism of enhancement of the photovoltaic performance by REO NPs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements showed that doping with REO decreased the total impedance of the cell and IPCE measurements revealed enhanced photon absorption by the dye in REO-doped cells. In the same fashion, the REO-doped anodes showed larger dye loading compared to undoped anodes, which was maximum for 1.0 % doping of erbium oxide and 2.0 % doping of neodymium oxide. REOs not only enhance dye adsorption but also facilitate electron transport through the mesoporous layer, thereby increasing the collection efficiency of the photoexcited electrons. To further explore the mechanism for the interaction between REO NPs and titania, an electrical and electrochemical study of REO-doped nanostructured titania films was performed. Doped films were found to be 40-50 times more conductive than undoped films, with linear current-voltage characteristics. Cyclic voltammograms of doped samples showed an enhanced scan rate dependence in the deep trap regime due to a slower charge trapping rate. Finally, electrochemical impedance measurements revealed a decrease in space charge density and a shift in the flat-band potential. Taken together, these results suggest that charge transfer from the REO neutralizes the deep trap states in the nanostructured titanium dioxide (NTD) film, decreasing charge scattering, and improving the NTD performance as an electron acceptor and electron transport material. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were first made when the dye-loaded semiconductor of dye-sensitized solar cell was replaced by perovskite layer and liquid electrolyte by a hole transport layer. The light harvesting perovskite layer is sandwiched between electron-transport and hole transport layers. Organic-inorganic perovskites, also known as hybrid perovskites have fascinating optoelectronic properties for their applications in highly efficient solar cells. The stability in ambient conditions and hysteresis in current-potential curves are two main challenges. The ease with which the separation of photogenerated charge carriers, electron-hole pairs (excitons), takes place is very critical for the performance of PSCs. In addition to the work function difference of electron-transport and hole transport layers, the intrinsic built-in potential in the perovskite films can play a significant role in the separation of these excitons. The internal electric originates from the local polarization of the film due to non-centrosymmetric lattice and ionic polarization and can be measured through an AC photocurrent technique. The polarization of a pristine sample is strongly dependent on the size of grains and can be used to determine the quality of the film. After poling the film by applying a potential through interdigitated Au electrodes, the devices with different grain sizes behaved differently upon relaxation. We observed that the polarization of a mixed halide hybrid perovskite film strongly depends on the background environment. The Quartz Crystal Microbalance measurements reveal that the perovskite film adsorbs Ar gas in the presence of solar light. The combination of Ar gas and solar illumination results in the enhancement of the electric polarization of the mixed halide hybrid perovskite film. Consequently, the photocurrent is increased due to the stronger driving force for the separation of excitons. This observation is illustrated in an actual PSC where the photovoltaic enhancement is observed with Ar gas. Our results suggest that the contribution from the background environment should be taken into consideration when describing the photovoltaic performance of a PSC

School Day Sweethearts

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/4298/thumbnail.jp

HIV, employment and the law: a socio-legal analysis of the legal framework

This thesis is an attempt to make a sustained and critical contribution to a particular area of legal scholarship in the field of HIV and AIDS, namely the protection of People Living with HIV or with AIDS ('PLHA') from discrimination within employment. Whilst there has been significant research into HIV and AIDS, little research has been conducted into the issue of PLHA within an employment relationship. It is however apparent that research into the area of PLHA within an employment relationship is urgently required. As treatments and therapies for the virus develop and improve, life expectancy is enhanced and HIV has started to be perceived by some as a long term chronic condition rather than an acute life threatening illness. Yet PLHA are still subject to significant amounts of stigma and discrimination due to common misconceptions about the nature of the virus. To combat this, the United Kingdom seeks to protect PLHA from discrimination by deeming them to be 'disabled' for the purposes of the Equality Act 2010 (EA 2010). With these issues in mind, this thesis seeks to identify whether the current framework employed by the EA 2010, and the Act’s designation of HIV as a disability, represents an adequate response to the common societal issues faced by PLHA and is consistent with international and European legal obligations. To do this, two distinct methodologies are employed. Firstly, a doctrinal, literature based approach and secondly, empirical research consisting of 20 semi-structured face-to-face interviews with PLHA. The findings of the empirical research were used to critique the law from an external, non-doctrinal perspective and develop proposals for amendments to UK law which accorded with the wishes of PLHA whilst ensuring compliance with the UK's international and European legal obligations. The thesis finds that when considered from a purely normative perspective, the designation of HIV as a disability by the EA 2010 appears to go beyond the UK’s obligations in respect of its international and European legal obligations. Despite this, the empirical research indicates that the manner in which PLHA receive protection from discrimination under the EA 2010 requires reworking in order to reflect more accurately the issues faced by PLHA. Consequently, the thesis argues that the automatic disability designation afforded to PLHA by paragraph 6 to Schedule 1 of the Equality Act 2010 ought to be removed and that PLHA can be adequately protected from discrimination by an amended definition of disability in the EA 2010 which accurately incorporates the social model of disability into domestic law

Endogenous attention and illusory line motion depend on task set

AbstractTask set has been shown to determine some important cognitive operations like conscious perception [Rafal, R. D., Ward, R., & Danziger, S. (2006). Selection for action and selection for awareness: Evidence from hemispatial neglect. Brain Research, 1080(1), 2–8], and the exogenous orienting of spatial attention [Folk, C. L., Remington, R. W., & Johnston, J. C. (1992). Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(4), 1030–1044; Lupiáñez, J., Ruz, M., Funes, M. J., & Milliken, B. (2007). The manifestation of attentional capture: Facilitation or IOR depending on task demands. Psychological Research, 71(1), 77–91]. In the present study we investigate whether endogenous attention would also be task-dependent. We use an illusion of movement, the illusory line motion [Hikosaka, O., Miyauchi, S., & Shimojo, S. (1993). Focal visual attention produces illusory temporal order and motion sensation. Vision Research, 33(9), 1219–1240] to explore this question. Our results revealed that endogenously attending to detect the appearance of a target produce different consequences in modulating the illusion of movement than endogenously attending to discriminate one of its features. We suggest that endogenous attention is implemented differently depending on the task at hand, producing different effects on perceptual integration

Attention to space and time: Independent or interactive systems? A narrative review

While there is ample evidence for the ability to selectively attend to where in space and when in time a relevant event might occur, it remains poorly understood whether spatial and temporal attention operate independently or interactively to optimize behavior. To elucidate this important issue, we provide a narrative review of the literature investigating the relationship between the two. The studies were organized based on the attentional manipulation employed (endogenous vs. exogenous) and the type of task (detection vs. discrimination). Although the reviewed findings depict a complex scenario, three aspects appear particularly important in promoting independent or interactive effects of spatial and temporal attention: task demands, attentional manipulation, and their combination. Overall, the present review provides key insights into the relationship between spatial and temporal attention and identifies some critical gaps that need to be addressed by future research.Universidad de Granada/ CBU

Drama with Unique Setting and Profession based on the Point of View of Korean Drama Connoisseurs

This article aims to discuss K-Drama with a unique work profession background through the abstinence point of k-drama fans. The modern Korean entertainment landscape would not be complete without K-drama. Millions of people around the world enjoy watching Korean dramas. Many parallels are made between the characters, allowing viewers to gain a better understanding of Korean culture. K-drama fans will be paired with Korean drama works to write here. They are not your ordinary doctors, lawyers or professors, but people from all walks of lif

Design and Development of a Self-Balancing Bicycle Using Control Moment Gyro

Master'sMASTER OF ENGINEERIN

HEMORRHAGIC POST PARTUM: SYOK HEMORRHAGIC ec LATE HEMORRHAGIC POST PARTUM

Pendahuluan: Kematian ibu terjadi sebagai akibat dari komplikasi selama dan setelah kehamilan dan persalinan. Sebanyak 80 % kematian ibu di dunia disebabkan perdarahan berat (terutama perdarahan setelah persalinan), infeksi, tekanan darah tinggi selama kehamilan. Menurut data Kementrian Kesehatan tahun 2010, perdarahan menempati presentasi tertinggi penyebab kematian ibu di Indonesia yaitu sebesar 28%. Laporan Kasus: Seorang wanita, 31 tahun, datang dengan penurunan kesadaran dan perdarahan banyak dari kemaluan sejak 3 jam sebelum masuk rumah sakit, nadi teraba cepat dan halus. Pasien sebelumnya melahirkan di rumah ditolong bidan 10 hari yang lalu, kakak anak lahir 30 menit setelah anak lahir dan kesan diakui bidan lengkap. Diagnosa akhir pada pasien ini Syok Hemoragik Teratasi ec Late HPP ec Sisa plasenta + Anemia Sedang (Hb 7,0 gr/dl). Simpulan: Pada kasus ini membuktikan bahwa HPP masih menjadi hal yang menakutkan sebagai penyebab kematian ibu. Dalam hal ini dirasa perlu adanya alur rujukan untuk kasus emergensi, yaitu pengelompokkan kasus pada persalinan dengan komplikasi segera dilakukan pelaporan kasus ke DINKES untuk rujukan ke RS. Setelah perawatan di RS selesai, perawatan lanjutan atau postnatal care dilakukan sesuai jadwal. Pasien diantar kembali setelah selesai perawatannya, dan hasil rujukan dilaporkan kembali ke hotline Dinkes Kabupaten/kota

A transcranial magnetic stimulation study on the role of the left intraparietal sulcus in temporal orienting of attention

likely to occur. Temporal orienting of attention has been consistently associated with activation of the left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) in prior fMRI studies. However, a direct test of its causal involvement in temporal orienting is still lacking. The present study tackled this issue by transiently perturbing left IPS activity with either online (Experiment 1) or offline (Experiment 2) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). In both experiments, participants performed a temporal orienting task, alternating between blocks in which a temporal cue predicted when a subsequent target would appear and blocks in which a neutral cue provided no information about target timing. In Experiment 1 we used an online TMS protocol, aiming to interfere specifically with cue-related temporal processes, whereas in Experiment 2 we employed an offline protocol whereby participants performed the temporal orienting task before and after receiving TMS. The right IPS and/or the vertex were stimulated as active control regions. While results replicated the canonical pattern of temporal orienting effects on reaction time, with faster responses for temporal than neutral trials, these effects were not modulated by TMS over the left IPS (as compared to the right IPS and/or vertex regions) regardless of the online or offline protocol used. Overall, these findings challenge the causal role of the left IPS in temporal orienting of attention inviting further research on its underlying neural substratesFrench National Research Agency (ANR) ANR-18-CE28-0009-01MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 PID2021- 128696NA-I00"ERDF A way of making Europe"Spanish GovernmentEuropean Union Next GenerationMinistry of Economy, Knowledge, EnterpriseUniversities of AndalusiaMinistry of Science and Innovation, Spain (MICINN) Spanish Government PSI2017-88136EDER-Junta de AndaluciaUniversidad de Granada/CBU

A study on the safety and efficacy of reveglucosidase alfa in patients with late-onset Pompe disease.

BackgroundLate-onset Pompe disease is a rare genetic neuromuscular disorder caused by lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) deficiency that ultimately results in mobility loss and respiratory failure. Current enzyme replacement therapy with recombinant human (rh)GAA has demonstrated efficacy in subjects with late-onset Pompe disease. However, long-term effects of rhGAA on pulmonary function have not been observed, likely related to inefficient delivery of rhGAA to skeletal muscle lysosomes and associated deficits in the central nervous system. To address this limitation, reveglucosidase alfa, a novel insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2)-tagged GAA analogue with improved lysosomal uptake, was developed. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, safety, and exploratory efficacy of reveglucosidase alfa in 22 subjects with late-onset Pompe disease who were previously untreated with rhGAA.ResultsReveglucosidase alfa plasma concentrations increased linearly with dose, and the elimination half-life was <1.2 h. Eighteen of 22 subjects completed 72 weeks of treatment. The most common adverse events were hypoglycemia (63%), dizziness, fall, headache, and nausea (55% for each). Serious adverse events included hypersensitivity (n = 1), symptomatic hypoglycemia (n = 2), presyncope (n = 1), and acute cardiac failure (n = 1). In the dose-escalation study, all treated subjects tested positive for anti-reveglucosidase alfa, anti-rhGAA, anti-IGF1, and anti-IGF2 antibodies at least once. Subjects receiving 20 mg/kg of reveglucosidase alfa demonstrated increases in predicted maximum inspiratory pressure (13.9%), predicted maximum expiratory pressure (8.0%), forced vital capacity (-0.4%), maximum voluntary ventilation (7.4 L/min), and mean absolute walking distance (22.3 m on the 6-min walk test) at 72 weeks.ConclusionsAdditional studies are needed to further assess the safety and efficacy of this approach. Improvements in respiratory muscle strength, lung function, and walking endurance in subjects with LOPD may make up for the risk of hypersensitivity reactions and hypoglycemia. Reveglucosidase alfa may provide a new treatment option for patients with late-onset Pompe disease.Trial registrationISRCTN01435772 and ISRCTN01230801 , registered 27 October 2011