11 research outputs found

    A GWAS in Latin Americans identifies novel face shape loci, implicating VPS13B and a Denisovan introgressed region in facial variation

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    To characterize the genetic basis of facial features in Latin Americans, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of more than 6000 individuals using 59 landmark-based measurements from two-dimensional profile photographs and ~9,000,000 genotyped or imputed single-nucleotide polymorphisms. We detected significant association of 32 traits with at least 1 (and up to 6) of 32 different genomic regions, more than doubling the number of robustly associated face morphology loci reported until now (from 11 to 23). These GWAS hits are strongly enriched in regulatory sequences active specifically during craniofacial development. The associated region in 1p12 includes a tract of archaic adaptive introgression, with a Denisovan haplotype common in Native Americans affecting particularly lip thickness. Among the nine previously unidentified face morphology loci we identified is the VPS13B gene region, and we show that variants in this region also affect midfacial morphology in mice

    Comparaison analyses 2D et 3D de la forme des otolithes de rougets barbets pour discriminer les populations

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    Selon l’estimation de la FAO, la population mondiale atteindra plus de 9 milliards d’habitants d’ici 2050. De ce fait, le besoin en protĂ©ines ne cesse de croĂźtre alors que 33% des stocks poissons dans le monde sont en surexploitation. Une gestion durable des ressources halieutiques est ainsi nĂ©cessaire pour subvenir au besoin prĂ©sent et futur. Cette gestion passe d’abord par la dĂ©limitation des unitĂ©s de gestion ou des stocks. Il existe plusieurs Ă©lĂ©ments d’analyse possibles comme la microchimie et la forme de l’otolithe, les marqueurs gĂ©nĂ©tiques ou naturels (parasite
). L’otolithe est une piĂšce calcifiĂ©e dans l’oreille interne du poisson dont la forme varie selon sa gĂ©nĂ©tique et son environnement. Cette forme de l’otolithe est trĂšs utilisĂ©e actuellement, d’une part parce qu’elle permet d’intĂ©grer les composantes gĂ©nĂ©tiques et phĂ©notypiques et d’autre part parce qu’elle prĂ©sente une analyse Ă  faible coĂ»t de traitement par rapport aux autres mĂ©thodes. De plus, leurs analyses sont de plus en plus standardisĂ©es (packages, codes R/Python). Actuellement les images acquises en 2D sont utilisĂ©es pour la dĂ©limitation des stocks de poissons. Ces images sont acquises Ă  partir de scanners ou loupes binoculaires puis standardisĂ©es pour ĂȘtre enfin analysĂ©es notamment Ă  l’aide des descripteurs elliptiques de Fourier. Cette analyse pourrait ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©e grĂące Ă  des images 3D. L’acquisition d’images en 3D se fait en 3 Ă©tapes avec la prise d’images radiographiques sur plusieurs angles Ă  l’aide d’un microtomographe Ă  rayon X, puis la reconstruction en 3D des images 2D, et enfin la segmentation par seuillage des objets 3D. Chaque point de la surface de l’objet 3D (vertex) est projetĂ© sur une sphĂšre et leurs coordonnĂ©es sont leur distance angulaire Ă  une origine des axes x, y et z. L’analyse de descripteurs de Fourier en 3D se fait grĂące aux angles de chaque point des meshs 3D Ă  l’origine (x, y et z). Le rouget barbet de vase (Mullus barbatus), qui est un poisson benthique commercial, a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© Ă  partir de 35 zones couvrant toute la mer MĂ©diterranĂ©e. 1023 rougets barbets de vase ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©chantillonnĂ©s (en collectant les otolithes droit et gauche, leurs positions gĂ©ographiques, taille, poids, sexe, gĂ©nĂ©tique et les donnĂ©es environnementales). Ce jeu de donnĂ©es est utilisĂ© aussi pour estimer l’apport de l’analyse 3D par rapport Ă  l’analyse 2D pour connaitre prĂ©cisĂ©ment les limites de stocks. A partir d’analyses de Fourier 2D et 3D des classifications supervisĂ©es (LDA) et non-supervisĂ©es (Clustering) sont rĂ©alisĂ©es pour dĂ©limiter les stocks. La reconstruction de la forme moyenne des otolithes pour chaque groupe diffĂ©rentiĂ© permettra de connaĂźtre les diffĂ©rences de structure de l’otolithe et de caractĂ©riser le niveau de diffĂ©rence entre les stocks adjacents. Le dĂ©but de cette Ă©tude a montrĂ© que l’analyse en 3D des otolithes est trĂšs chronophage par rapport Ă  l’analyse 2D mais elle permet de prendre en compte la globalitĂ© de la forme de l’otolithe. A la fin de cette Ă©tude, nous espĂ©rons caractĂ©riser les effets qui expliquent les changements de forme de l’otolithe (gĂ©nĂ©tique, environnement, symĂ©trie), comprendre la morphogenĂšse de l’otolithe vis-Ă -vis de ces 3 facteurs, identifier la prĂ©cision des analyses 2D et 3D et enfin mesurer l’intĂ©rĂȘt de l’analyse 3D

    3D otolith shape for the main commercial species (flatfish and roundfish) in the Eastern Channel and the North Sea

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    Otolith shape analysis is commonly used in fisheries sciences to validate the relationship with fish length, to discriminate between stock units of fish, and to identify fish species from archeological data or stomach contents. However, all otolith studies have used two-dimensional (2D) images, a partial representation of the whole shape of the otolith. This study presents a comparative analysis of 2D and three-dimensional (3D) otolith shape data for many commercial species (flatfish: Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis, Scophthalmus maximus, Scophthalmus rhombus, Solea solea, Limanda limanda, Microstomus kitt, Platichthys flesus, Pleuronectes platessa and roundfish: Clupea harengus, Sardina pilchardus, Sprattus sprattus, Engraulis encrasicolus, Gadus morhua, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Merlangius merlangus, Trisopterus luscus, Mullus surmuletus, Eutrigla gurnardus, Chelidonichthys cuculus, Chelidonichthys lucerna, Trachurus trachurus, Zeus faber) in the Eastern English Channel and the North Sea. 2D otolith images were made with an optical scanner, and 3D otolith images with an X-ray microtomograph. For each species, several specimens were selected from the complete size range. Otolith shape was assessed by analyzing several descriptors from 2D and 3D images from the otolith size parameters (Length, Width, Perimeter, Area and Volume). The relationship between fish length and otolith shape parameters are not the same within species and/or among species for 2D versus 3D data. Moreover, the relationship between 2D otolith size parameters and 3D otolith parameters are different among species. These results demonstrate the importance of 3D otolith shape analysis. In the future, the number of studies using otolith shape analysis in three dimensions must be increased strongly to validate previous studies on 2D images.   

    Potential directional asymmetry of the otolith shape tested on the red mullet (Mullus barbatus) in the Mediterranean Sea: comparative analysis of 2D and 3D otolith shape data

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    A wide number of techniques were developed and applied to identify and discriminate stocks. Among them, otolith’s shape, which is affected by environment and genetic factors, can be used as a tool to identify the populations within the species. Before to identify the boundaries of stocks, the potential drivers, which control the otolith shape, must be analysed. In this study, Directional Asymmetry (DA; the effect of otolith’s location side, i.e., left versus right inner ear) was tested combining the approaches to otolith shape in 2D and 3D on 560 adults of the red mullet Mullus barbatus (Linnaeus, 1758) which is one of the most abundant demersal fish species in the Mediterranean Sea. Studied individual were sampled from 7 subunits for 2D analysis (476 individuals) and 3 subunits for 3D analysis (84 individuals) of geographical subareas (GSAs). To analyse otolith shape, the normalized Elliptical Fourier Descriptors (EFDs) computed from the two-dimensional outlines (extracted from otolithes 2D pictures) and Spherical Harmonic shape descriptors computed from three-dimensional surfaces/meshes (extracted from otolithes 3D scans) were analysed with principal component analysis (PCA) method. PCA’s scores were used in the multivariate mixed-effects model with side and subunits effects. From 3D surfaces/meshes, the univariate variables (i.e. otolithe’s surface and volume) were analysed with Redundancy analysis (RDA) too. The EFDs from 2D images showed that the side effect was significant on the otolith shape (p-value<0.00001). The reconstructed outlines of the mean Fourier harmonics of the left and right side were plotted and the percentage of non-overlapping surface was 1.010%. However, the interaction between side and geographical subareawas  nosignificant from 2D images. The EFDs from 3D images showed that the side effect was signifant (p-value<0.00001). In additionnal, the interaction between side effect and geographical subarea was signifiant (p-value< 0.00001) from 3D images. The relationship between the fish length and the surface of 3D otolith shape was significant (p-value =0.001), this trend was not observed by the otolith volume (p-value=0.698). For these two univariate descriptors of 3D otolith shape, there were no significant difference between left and right otoliths. This comparative analysis of otolith shape in 2D and in 3D showed showed that the 3D approach, presents the data with more accuracy than those extracted from the regurlarly used 2D approach. This difference is very important because the directionnal asymmetry was significant on the relationship between the otolith 3D shape and the geographical area of sampling while this trend is not observable from the otolith 2D shape.  This first study showing the difference between 2D and 3D approaches should be confirmed in the future

    Asymmetry of Sagittal Otolith Shape Based on Inner Ear Side Tested on Mediterranean Red Mullet (Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758): Comparative Analysis of 2D and 3D Otolith Shape Data

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    Sagittal otolith shape analysis is one of the most widespread techniques worldwide to discriminate fish stock units, as this proxy integrates both environmental and genetic factors. All previous otolith shape studies have been carried out using two-dimensional (2D) images, a partial representation of the whole shape of the otolith. However, prior to the identification of stock unit boundaries, the influence of other potential drivers controlling the otolith shape must be analysed to limit their bias. In this study, the presence of asymmetry in otolith shape depending on the inner ear side (i.e., left versus right inner ears) was tested by comparing the approaches of 2D and three-dimensional (3D) sagittal otolith shape analyses. Eighty-two red mullet adults (Mullus barbatus) from three locations in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea were studied. Fourier harmonic descriptors computed from 2D outlines and spherical harmonic descriptors computed from 3D meshes were used to evaluate otolith shape variation. The results of a multivariate mixed-effects model from 2D images showed that there was no asymmetry effect of inner ear side on the otolith shape in any location. There was, however, a significant geographical effect for the 2D otolith shape between the Adriatic Sea and the Levantine Sea. In contrast, 3D information showed that both side effects and geographical differences were significant. This is the first study comparing 2D and 3D data showing different results on the same sample of red mullet. These results demonstrate the importance of 3D otolith shape analysis for stock discrimination

    Disentangling the effect of host genetics and gut microbiota on resistance to an intestinal parasite

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    11 pagesInternational audienceResistance to infection is a multifactorial trait, and recent work has suggested that the gut microbiota can also contribute to resistance. Here, we performed a fecal microbiota transplant to disentangle the contribution of the gut microbiota and host genetics as drivers of resistance to the intestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. We transplanted the microbiota of a strain of mice (SJL), resistant to H. polygyrus, into a susceptible strain (CBA) and vice-versa. We predicted that if the microbiota shapes resistance to H. polygyrus, the FMT should reverse the pattern of resistance between the two host strains. The two host strains had different microbiota diversities and compositions before the start of the experiment, and the FMT altered the microbiota of recipient mice. One mouse strain (SJL) was more resistant to colonization by the heterologous microbiota, and it maintained its resistance profile to H. polygyrus (lower parasite burden) independently of the FMT. On the contrary, CBA mice harbored parasites with lower fecundity during the early stage of the infection, and had an up-regulated expression of the cytokine IL-4 (a marker of H. polygyrus resistance) after receiving the heterologous microbiota. Therefore, while host genetics remains the main factor shaping the pattern of resistance to H. polygyrus, the composition of the gut microbiota also seems to play a strain-specific role

    Asymmetry of Sagittal Otolith Shape Based on Inner Ear Side Tested on Mediterranean Red Mullet (Mullus barbatus Linnaeus, 1758): Comparative Analysis of 2D and 3D Otolith Shape Data

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    International audienceSagittal otolith shape analysis is one of the most widespread techniques worldwide to discriminate fish stock units, as this proxy integrates both environmental and genetic factors. All previous otolith shape studies have been carried out using two-dimensional (2D) images, a partial representation of the whole shape of the otolith. However, prior to the identification of stock unit boundaries, the influence of other potential drivers controlling the otolith shape must be analysed to limit their bias. In this study, the presence of asymmetry in otolith shape depending on the inner ear side (i.e., left versus right inner ears) was tested by comparing the approaches of 2D and three-dimensional (3D) sagittal otolith shape analyses. Eighty-two red mullet adults (Mullus barbatus) from three locations in the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea were studied. Fourier harmonic descriptors computed from 2D outlines and spherical harmonic descriptors computed from 3D meshes were used to evaluate otolith shape variation. The results of a multivariate mixed-effects model from 2D images showed that there was no asymmetry effect of inner ear side on the otolith shape in any location. There was, however, a significant geographical effect for the 2D otolith shape between the Adriatic Sea and the Levantine Sea. In contrast, 3D information showed that both side effects and geographical differences were significant. This is the first study comparing 2D and 3D data showing different results on the same sample of red mullet. These results demonstrate the importance of 3D otolith shape analysis for stock discrimination

    Analyse de forme en 3D des otolithes pour mieux délimiter les stocks du rouget barbet de vase en utilisant l'asymétrie des cÎtés de l'oreille interne

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    L’otolithe est une structure calcifiĂ©e prĂ©sente dans l’oreille interne des poissons. L'analyse de la forme de l'otolithe est l'une des techniques les plus rĂ©pandues dans le monde pour distinguer les unitĂ©s de stock de poissons, car elle intĂšgre Ă  la fois des facteurs environnementaux et gĂ©nĂ©tiques. Toutes les Ă©tudes prĂ©cĂ©dentes sur la forme de l'otolithe ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  l'aide d'images bidimensionnelles (2D), une reprĂ©sentation partielle de la forme totale de l'otolithe. Avant d'identifier les limites des unitĂ©s de stock, l'influence d'autres facteurs potentiels contrĂŽlant la forme de l'otolithe doit ĂȘtre analysĂ©e afin de limiter leur biais. Dans cette Ă©tude, la prĂ©sence d'une asymĂ©trie dans la forme de l'otolithe en fonction du cĂŽtĂ© de l'oreille interne (c'est-Ă -dire l'oreille interne gauche par rapport Ă  l'oreille interne droite) a Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e sur le rouget barbet de vase (Mullus barbartus) provenant de la mer MĂ©diterranĂ©e ; en comparant les approches des analyses de la forme de l'otolithe en 2D et en trois dimensions (3D). Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les images 3D peuvent dĂ©tecter des diffĂ©rences significatives lĂ  oĂč les images 2D ne les dĂ©tecte pas

    Étude des traces de pas de vertĂ©brĂ©s du Permien et du Trias d'ArdĂšche. Enjeux et perspectives.

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    8 pagesInternational audienceLe département de l'ArdÚche estremarquable car il offre un accÚs privilégié auxroches sédimentaires permiennes et triasiques danslesquelles abondent les traces de vertébrés fossiles.Une vingtaine de localités et plus de 1500empreintes de pas ont déjà été recensées le longd'une succession sédimentaire affleurant entrePrivas et Les Vans. Ce patrimoine ichnologique,reconnu internationalement, documente le passagede grands groupes de reptiles en terres ardéchoises,incluant essentiellement des représentants basauxde la lignée des crocodiles (pseudosuchiens) et de lalignée des oiseaux (dinosauriformes et dinosaures),ainsi que quelques membres de la lignée des lézards/serpents (lépidosauromorphes) et de lalignée des reptiles mammaliens/mammifÚres( s y n a p s i d e s ) . C e p a t r imo i n e i c h n o l o g i q u eexceptionnel ouvre des perspectives passionnantesde recherche, notamment en macroévolution, entaphonomie et pour la reconstruction des paléopaysages.Il lance aussi de grands défis en termes deconservation et de valorisation, défis qui nécessitentla mobilisation coordonnée d'une multituded'acteurs

    Étude des traces de pas de vertĂ©brĂ©s du Permien et du Trias d'ArdĂšche. Enjeux et perspectives.

    No full text
    8 pagesInternational audienceLe département de l'ArdÚche estremarquable car il offre un accÚs privilégié auxroches sédimentaires permiennes et triasiques danslesquelles abondent les traces de vertébrés fossiles.Une vingtaine de localités et plus de 1500empreintes de pas ont déjà été recensées le longd'une succession sédimentaire affleurant entrePrivas et Les Vans. Ce patrimoine ichnologique,reconnu internationalement, documente le passagede grands groupes de reptiles en terres ardéchoises,incluant essentiellement des représentants basauxde la lignée des crocodiles (pseudosuchiens) et de lalignée des oiseaux (dinosauriformes et dinosaures),ainsi que quelques membres de la lignée des lézards/serpents (lépidosauromorphes) et de lalignée des reptiles mammaliens/mammifÚres( s y n a p s i d e s ) . C e p a t r imo i n e i c h n o l o g i q u eexceptionnel ouvre des perspectives passionnantesde recherche, notamment en macroévolution, entaphonomie et pour la reconstruction des paléopaysages.Il lance aussi de grands défis en termes deconservation et de valorisation, défis qui nécessitentla mobilisation coordonnée d'une multituded'acteurs
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