Caracterización de la grasa intramuscular del toro de lidia sacrificado en primavera

En este trabajo se han estudiado las características de la grasa intramuscular de 32 toros de Lidia sacrificados en los festejos taurinos de la Feria de Abril de Sevilla de 2006. Los animales fueron criados de acuerdo al sistema tradicional en la dehesa andaluza donde dispusieron de hierba fresca de primavera y de alimento concentrado en los meses previos a su suerte. El perfil lipídico de este depósito graso se corresponde con el de los bovinos adultos, caracterizado por su elevado contenido en ácidos grasos saturados y monoinsaturados fundamentalmente. El sistema de producción de estos animales, basado en el aprovechamiento de hierba en campo y suplementación con alimento concentrado, así como la edad de sacrificio de los animales (cuatro años cumplidos) garantizan una adecuada relación de ácidos grasos n-6/n-3 y de determinados ácidos grasos (CLA) considerados beneficiosos para la salud humana

Optimising an outdoor membrane photobioreactor for tertiary sewage treatment

The operation of an outdoor membrane photobioreactor plant which treated the effluent of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor was optimised. Biomass retention times of 4.5, 6, and 9 days were tested. At a biomass retention time of 4.5 days, maximum nitrogen recovery rate:light irradiance ratios, photosynthetic efficiencies and carbon biofixations of 51.7 ± 14.3 mg N·mol−1, 4.4 ± 1.6% and 0.50 ± 0.05 kg CO2·m3influent, respectively, were attained. Minimum membrane fouling rates were achieved when operating at the shortest biomass retention time because of the lower solid concentration and the negligible amount of cyanobacteria and protozoa. Hydraulic retention times of 3.5, 2, and 1.5 days were tested at the optimum biomass retention times of 4.5 days under non-nutrient limited conditions, showing no significant differences in the nutrient recovery rates, photosynthetic efficiencies and membrane fouling rates. However, nitrogen recovery rate:light irradiance ratios and photosynthetic efficiency significantly decreased when hydraulic retention time was further shortened to 1 day, probably due to a rise in the substrate turbidity which reduced the light availability in the culture. Optimal carbon biofixations and theoretical energy recoveries from the biomass were obtained at hydraulic retention time of 3.5 days, which accounted for 0.55 ± 0.05 kg CO2·m−3influent and 0.443 ± 0.103 kWh·m−3influent, respectively

La objeción de conciencia en el ejercicio de la actividad judicial en Colombia

La Constitución Política de 1991 es, desde distintas áreas del estudio académico, un importante documento de análisis debido a que goza de numerosas particularidades, entre las cuales destaca su importancia en el desarrollo de los derechos individuales del ciudadano; un avance agrupado dentro del llamado movimiento del nuevo constitucionalismo de Iberoamérica. La Carta presenta un amplio desarrollo a los derechos humanos y el papel del estado como garante de los mismos. No obstante, estos avances legislativos no son inmunes ni a la controversia social, ni a la crítica académica ni a la interpretación judicial; fenómenos naturales de las democracias modernas. La principal característica de estos atributos es que son consustanciales de la condición humana, es decir, emergen de la naturaleza de los seres humanos y por eso existen, aunque la ley –en algunos casos- no los reconozca. No es necesario que el derecho positivo valide la existencia de estos derechos; la ausencia de pronunciamiento sobre los mismos no implica un desconocimiento de su validez. En la actualidad, tales atributos corren el continuo riesgo de perder su autonomía. Las imposiciones de toda índole, disfrazadas de sugerencias, afectan sobremanera la capacidad de reflexión y expresión, generando cada vez un mundo con menos posibilidades de determinarse de acuerdo con criterios propios. Un mundo donde los principios individuales se relegan a un segundo plano. Este es el marco de referencia que justifica abordar el estudio, no solo del aspecto positivo de la libertad de conciencia, mismo que se encuentra consagrado de manera expresa en el artículo 18 de la Constitución Política, sino aún más, del aspecto negativo de dicho derecho: la objeción de conciencia. Bajo el entendido de que es este último el mecanismo ideal que permite ejercer la libertad de conciencia a través de la negación que puede impetrar la persona de llevar a cabo determinada conducta que atenta contra sus creencias más internas y que son, al fin y al cabo, las que conllevan a su autodeterminación. La objeción de conciencia puede definirse como: “La objeción de conciencia es definida por Venditti como ‘la resistencia a obedecer un imperativo jurídico invocando la existencia de un dictamen de conciencia que impide sujetarse al comportamiento prescrito’. (Suarez Pertierro, Gustavo. 1990)” Se asume, entonces, que la figura objeto de estudio se sustenta en el incumplimiento de un mandato legal o jurídico, cuando está en conflicto con las convicciones morales, filosóficas o religiosas de la persona y su efectivo cumplimiento acarrearía una traición a su fuero interno. En consecuencia, nos encontramos con un debate que se ha constituido como una constante en el desarrollo de la historia de la humanidad y desde el origen de las grandes civilizaciones de la antigüedad, esto es, el derecho al libre pensamiento, el cual engloba todo un universo de ideas complejas sustentadas desde la moral, el culto y conciencia personal hasta los fundamentos mismos de la ética y valores de una sociedad. La Constitución Política tipifica la protección a los anteriores como derechos fundamentales, pero estos derechos requieren de protecciones activas que atraviesen las normas escritas.The Political Constitution of 1991 is, from different areas of academic study, an important document of analysis because it enjoys numerous particularities, among which its importance in the development of the individual rights of the citizen stands out; an advance grouped within the so-called movement of the new constitutionalism of Latin America. The Charter presents a broad development of human rights and the role of the state as guarantor of them. However, these legislative advances are not immune to social controversy, academic criticism or judicial interpretation; natural phenomena of modern democracies. The main characteristic of these attributes is that they are consubstantial of the human condition, that is, they emerge from the nature of human beings and that is why they exist, although the law - in some cases - does not recognize them. It is not necessary that the positive law validates the existence of these rights; the absence of pronouncement on them does not imply a lack of knowledge of their validity. At present, such attributes run the continuous risk of losing their autonomy. The impositions of all kinds, disguised as suggestions, greatly affect the capacity for reflection and expression, each time generating a world with less chance of being determined according to their own criteria. A world where individual principles are relegated to the background. This is the frame of reference that justifies addressing the study, not only of the positive aspect of freedom of conscience, which is expressly enshrined in article 18 of the Political Constitution, but even more, of the negative aspect of said right. : conscientious objection. Under the understanding that the latter is the ideal mechanism that allows freedom of conscience to be exercised through the denial that can impede the person from carrying out certain behavior that undermines their innermost beliefs and that are, after all , which lead to their self-determination. Conscientious objection can be defined as: “Conscientious objection is defined by Venditti as‘ the resistance to obeying a legal imperative invoking the existence of a conscience opinion that prevents being subject to the prescribed behavior ’. (Suarez Pertierro, Gustavo. 1990) ”It is assumed, then, that the figure under study is based on the breach of a legal or legal mandate, when in conflict with the moral, philosophical or religious convictions of the person and its cash compliance would result in a betrayal of its internal jurisdiction. Consequently, we find a debate that has become a constant in the development of the history of humanity and since the origin of the great civilizations of antiquity, that is, the right to free thought, which encompasses a whole universe of complex ideas supported from morals, worship and personal awareness to the very foundations of the ethics and values of a society. The Political Constitution typifies the protection of the foregoing as fundamental rights, but these rights require active protections that cross written norms

Laponite as carrier for controlled in vitro delivery of dexamethasone in vitreous humor models

Laponite clay is able to retain dexamethasone by simple physisorption, presumably accomplished by hydrogen bonding formation and/or complexation with sodium counterions, as shown by solid state NMR. The physisorption can be somehow modulated by changing the solvent in the adsorption process. This simple system is able to deliver dexamethasone in a controlled manner to solutions used as models for vitreous humor. The proven biocompatibility of laponite as well as its transparency in the gel state, together with the simplicity of the preparation method, makes this system suitable for future in vivo tests of ophthalmic treatment.This study was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (project PI12/02285) and authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from Diputación General de Aragón (E11 Group co-financed by the European Regional Development Funds).Peer Reviewe

Intracellular delivery of biologically-active fungal metabolite gliotoxin using magnetic nanoparticles

Gliotoxin (GT), a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus molds, has been proposed as a potential anti-tumor agent. Here we have developed a nanoparticle approach to enhance delivery of GT in tumor cells and establish a basis for its potential use as therapeutical drug. GT bound to magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) retained a high anti-tumor activity, correlating with efficient intracellular delivery, which was increased in the presence of glucose. Our results show that the attachment of GT to MNPs by covalent bonding enhances intracellular GT delivery without affecting its biological activity. This finding represents the first step to use this potent anti-tumor agent in the treatment of cancer

Efficient single-strand break repair requires binding to both poly(ADP-ribose) and DNA by the central BRCT domain of XRCC1

XRCC1 accelerates repair of DNA single-strand breaks by acting as a scaffold protein for the recruitment of Pol-beta, LigIII-alpha and end-processing factors such as PNKP and APTX. XRCC1 itself is recruited to DNA damage through interaction of its central BRCT domain with poly-(ADP-ribose) chains generated by PARP1 or PARP2. XRCC1 is believed to interact directly with DNA at sites of damage, but the molecular basis for this interaction within XRCC1 remains unclear. We now show that the central BRCT domain simultaneously mediates interaction of XRCC1 with poly-(ADP-ribose) and DNA, through separate and non-overlapping binding sites on opposite faces of the domain. Mutation of residues within the DNA binding site, which includes the site of a common disease-associated human polymorphism, affects DNA binding of this XRCC1 domain in vitro, and impairs XRCC1 recruitment and retention at DNA damage and repair of single-strand breaks in vivo

Influence of Management Practices on Economic and Enviromental Performance of Crops. A Case Study in Spanish Horticulture

This article assesses the effect of management practices on the environmental and economic performance of tigernut production. Tigernut is a horticultural crop grown in a very limited and homogeneous area. Results show that the environmental variability among farms was greater than variability in costs. A selection of practices can reduce impacts per kilogram tigernut by factors 252.5 (abiotic depletion), 33 (aquatic ecotoxicity), or 6 (global warming) and costs by factors of between 2 and 3. The analysis shows a positive relationship between economic and environmental performance. Results highlight how proper management leads to both relatively low environmental impacts and costs.The authors acknowledge the support of the Conselleria d'Empresa, Universitat i Ciencia de la Generalitat Valenciana (GV/2007/211) and the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (PAID05-08-316).Fenollosa Ribera, ML.; Ribal Sanchis, FJ.; Lidón Cerezuela, AL.; Bautista Carrascosa, I.; Juraske, R.; Clemente Polo, G.; Sanjuán Pellicer, MN. (2014). Influence of Management Practices on Economic and Enviromental Performance of Crops. A Case Study in Spanish Horticulture. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 38(6):635-659. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2014.896302635659386De Backer, E., Aertsens, J., Vergucht, S., & Steurbaut, W. (2009). Assessing the ecological soundness of organic and conventional agriculture by means of life cycle assessment (LCA). British Food Journal, 111(10), 1028-1061. doi:10.1108/00070700910992916Basset-Mens, C., Anibar, L., Durand, P., & van der Werf, H. M. G. (2006). Spatialised fate factors for nitrate in catchments: Modelling approach and implication for LCA results. Science of The Total Environment, 367(1), 367-382. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.12.026Basset-Mens, C., Kelliher, F. M., Ledgard, S., & Cox, N. (2009). Uncertainty of global warming potential for milk production on a New Zealand farm and implications for decision making. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 14(7), 630-638. doi:10.1007/s11367-009-0108-2Blengini, G. A., & Busto, M. (2009). The life cycle of rice: LCA of alternative agri-food chain management systems in Vercelli (Italy). Journal of Environmental Management, 90(3), 1512-1522. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.10.006Carlsson Reich, M. (2005). Economic assessment of municipal waste management systems—case studies using a combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC). Journal of Cleaner Production, 13(3), 253-263. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.015Contreras, W. A., Lidón, A. 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〈初期軍記〉における戦闘被害の表現-女の描かれ方をめぐって-

軍記・語り物研究会第374回例会(平成19年7月22日・於:法政大学)共同討議「初期軍記」研究の検証と展開-新たな「状況」と「変容」を探る-における基調報

Comparison of visual and optical quality of monofocal versus multifocal intraocular lenses

Postprint (author's final draft