Parent/child distal relationships: a look at communication used before, during, and after a parental absence

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file.Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 25, 2006)Includes bibliographical references.Vita.Thesis (Ph. D.) University of Missouri-Columbia 2005.Dissertations, Academic -- University of Missouri--Columbia -- Communication.This project examined communication in distal parent-child relationships. Distal relationships are relations in which people are physically separated for a period of time. Little research has focused on distal relationships, but they are a common form of family relationship, and often have considerable impact on all family members. In this study, the focus was families which had a parent leave their partner and child(ren) for 2 months or longer. The study investigated uncertainty reduction and uncertainty management among family members, using systems theory as a general framework for analysis. Participants were 54 parents and children from families who had a parent separated by incarceration or military deployment. Participants were interviewed individually about their experiences within 2 years of the parent's return. Results showed that families who communicated about the absence before departure had less of a negative impact on children's well-being. In addition, this study advances maintenance and uncertainty literature by illustrating that these participants maintained their relationships while the parent was absent by using a set of communication strategies and by managing their emotional climate with three closeness techniques and three distancing techniques. Results illustrated that the return home of the parent was often difficult with issues pertaining to responsibilities, regaining trust, and role changes. The findings in this study have implications for research on communication and meaning, regulating closeness and distance in relationships, and use of relational maintenance behaviors. The findings both support and add to previous research done on personal and family relationships

Size-Based Hydroacoustic Measures of Within-Season Fish Abundance in a Boreal Freshwater Ecosystem

Eleven sequential size-based hydroacoustic surveys conducted with a 200 kHz split-beam transducer during the summers of 2011 and 2012 were used to quantify seasonal declines in fish abundance in a boreal reservoir in Manitoba, Canada. Fish densities were sufficiently low to enable single target resolution and tracking. Target strengths converted to log2-based size-classes indicated that smaller fish were consistently more abundant than larger fish by a factor of approximately 3 for each halving of length. For all size classes, in both years, abundance (natural log) declined linearly over the summer at rates that varied from -0.067.day-1 for the smallest fish to -0.016.day-1 for the largest (R2 = 0.24–0.97). Inter-annual comparisons of size-based abundance suggested that for larger fish (>16 cm), mean winter decline rates were an order of magnitude lower (-0.001.day-1) and overall survival higher (71%) than in the main summer fishing season (mean loss rate -0.038.day-1; survival 33%). We conclude that size-based acoustic survey methods have the potential to assess within-season fish abundance dynamics, and may prove useful in long-term monitoring of productivity and hence management of boreal aquatic ecosystems

Characterizing HIV-1 Splicing by Using Next-Generation Sequencing

ABSTRACT Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA serves as the genome or as an mRNA, or this RNA undergoes splicing using four donors and 10 acceptors to create over 50 physiologically relevant transcripts in two size classes (1.8 kb and 4 kb). We developed an assay using Primer ID-tagged deep sequencing to quantify HIV-1 splicing. Using the lab strain NL4-3, we found that A5 ( env / nef ) is the most commonly used acceptor (about 50%) and A3 ( tat ) the least used (about 3%). Two small exons are made when a splice to acceptor A1 or A2 is followed by activation of donor D2 or D3, and the high-level use of D2 and D3 dramatically reduces the amount of vif and vpr transcripts. We observed distinct patterns of temperature sensitivity of splicing to acceptors A1 and A2. In addition, disruption of a conserved structure proximal to A1 caused a 10-fold reduction in all transcripts that utilized A1. Analysis of a panel of subtype B transmitted/founder viruses showed that splicing patterns are conserved, but with surprising variability of usage. A subtype C isolate was similar, while a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) isolate showed significant differences. We also observed transsplicing from a downstream donor on one transcript to an upstream acceptor on a different transcript, which we detected in 0.3% of 1.8-kb RNA reads. There were several examples of splicing suppression when the env intron was retained in the 4-kb size class. These results demonstrate the utility of this assay and identify new examples of HIV-1 splicing regulation. IMPORTANCE During HIV-1 replication, over 50 conserved spliced RNA variants are generated. The splicing assay described here uses new developments in deep-sequencing technology combined with Primer ID-tagged cDNA primers to efficiently quantify HIV-1 splicing at a depth that allows even low-frequency splice variants to be monitored. We have used this assay to examine several features of HIV-1 splicing and to identify new examples of different mechanisms of regulation of these splicing patterns. This splicing assay can be used to explore in detail how HIV-1 splicing is regulated and, with moderate throughput, could be used to screen for structural elements, small molecules, and host factors that alter these relatively conserved splicing patterns

Structure and Function of Lentiviral Genomic and Messenger RNA

The positive sense lentiviral RNA genome is packaged within the virus as a dimer of two single strands. The RNA of primate lentiviruses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac239) are distantly related and the secondary structures of these viral RNAs share many known biological functions. Using selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE), I present an analysis of the secondary structure of ex virio genomic SIVmac239 RNA in relation to that of HIV-1 as well as an investigation into the secondary structure of the various in vitro mRNA species of HIV-1 resolved using the SHAPE technique. First, I describe a SHAPE-derived model of SIVmac239 genomic RNA structure. When compared to that of HIV-1, I find very few conserved structural regions outside the previously studied functional structures. I observe that this is due to the flexible nature of the adenosine-rich lentiviral genome. The structures that are conserved are located in regions with high guanosine concentration, forming more stable pairing interactions. These results suggest that lentiviral genomic RNA structure is flexible and metastable unless held by stronger pairing interactions that seem to persist through the course of viral evolution. The lentiviral genomic RNA structures that I have studied do share a few common base pairs, including a small stem-loop at the site of the first splice acceptor (SA1). In the second part, I describe the effect of mutating this structure on viral replication and on the splicing profile of the viral mRNA. To further investigate viral splicing regulation, I determined the SHAPE-derived structures of the most abundant mRNA variants for all of the protein products of HIV-1. Results reveal local interactions that form at regulatory regions in the viral transcripts. Because RNA is an important feature throughout the lentiviral replication cycle, a greater understanding into the role of RNA in various aspects of viral replication will increase comprehension toward the complex biology of infection. This analysis provides insight into evolutionary conservation of RNA structures that play functional roles and may be possible targets for novel factors as part of a broad spectrum of viral inhibitory agents.Doctor of Philosoph

Nutrition Transition of Hadza Foragers: Implications for Juvenile Behavior

The Hadza foragers of Tanzania are undergoing early stages of nutrition transition and an increased level of market integration. Accompanying these shifts is a significant change in diet composition with greater access to maize, wheat, and other domesticated cultigens, even in the most remote bush camps. Despite the rapid rate of nutrition transition, few studies have attempted to quantify the possible effects this transition is having on Hadza diet or foraging behaviors. Here, we attempt to fill this gap in the literature by reporting results of a mixed methods cross-sectional study on juvenile foragers taken from two time points, 2005 and 2017. During the summer of 2017 we conducted detailed interviews and recorded in camp food returns for a sample of young Hadza foragers aged 5-14 years. Comparing our 2017 data to age matched data collected in 2005, our results indicate that juveniles are targeting a smaller variety of wild foods, with noticeable absences of food species that have historically been considered staples in Hadza diet (e.g. honey, tubers, figs). Accompanying these dietary shifts are important behavioral changes, such as a smaller percentage of juveniles residing in camps going out to forage in 2017 compared to 2005. Additionally, semi-structured interview data suggests that maize has become a reliable staple food. However, despite changes in foraging return composition, increased reliance on maize, and a reduction in the overall percentage of children producing foraging returns, we found that some juveniles still remain highly productive foragers in the midst of nutrition transition. These data have important implications for understanding the decisions that foragers make in shifting ecological landscapes, monitoring the health outcomes of Hadza juveniles, and the use and interpretation of data generated from contemporary Hadza research in the 21st century

A comparison of grade-point averages and I.Q. scores of lettermen, non-lettermen, and nonparticipants in the four year high school at Princeton High School

Call number: LD2668 .R4 1963 P77

Direito à educação : a inclusão de alunos com deficiência no ensino médio e a organização dos sistemas de ensino

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, 2012.A presente tese situa-se na linha de pesquisa Políticas Públicas e Gestão da Educação e tem como temas centrais a organização dos sistemas de ensino e as políticas públicas de educação para as pessoas com deficiência no ensino médio. Trata-se de um estudo que apresenta como eixo de análise os direitos humanos, especialmente, o direito humano à educação para as pessoas com deficiência. Apoiada no movimento de educação inclusiva, a educação especial, a partir da década de 90 do século passado, desponta no cenário de implementação das políticas públicas de educação, reivindicando o direito à educação para as pessoas com deficiência em escolas comuns do ensino regular e definindo sua função no sistema de ensino como modalidade complementar ou suplementar à escolarização. Considerando os princípios constitucionais que evidenciam o direito de todos à educação e as atuais políticas públicas que orientam a organização de sistemas educacionais inclusivos, esta investigação tem como objetivo geral analisar os processos de gestão dos sistemas de ensino das Unidades Federativas brasileiras com vistas à inclusão escolar de jovens com deficiência no ensino médio, considerando a expansão da idade escolar obrigatória até os 17 anos, conforme a Emenda Constitucional nº 59, de 11 de novembro de 2009, e a expansão da oferta do ensino médio, com a previsão de torná-lo etapa obrigatória da formação. Este estudo, de cunho qualitativo, é subsidiado pelos referenciais da Sociologia Interpretativa, do Interacionismo Simbólico e da Fenomenologia Social. As entrevistas narrativas constituíram o instrumento de coleta de dados e o método documentário permitiu a aproximação e a teorização da singularidade e da especificidade das experiências concretas vivenciadas pelos sujeitos da pesquisa, contextualizados em seus tempos e espaços, bem como possibilitou a compreensão dos processos de organização da inclusão escolar de estudantes com deficiência no ensino médio, nos sistemas de ensino dos estados de São Paulo, Goiás, Paraná, Tocantins e Maranhão. Os resultados da pesquisa evidenciam a importância do conhecimento da trajetória biográfico-profissional dos gestores para compreender as ações e as estratégias organizacionais implementadas no âmbito dos sistemas de ensino. Pode-se constatar que diferentes concepções orientam a organização da educação inclusiva no país, dividindo a atuação das unidades federativas nos princípios do direito e do dever à educação e, em consequência, tais concepções apóiam a inclusão de determinadas deficiências, em detrimento de outras, na última etapa da educação básica.This thesis is in the research line Public Policy and Management of Basic Education and has as its central themes the educational systems organization and public policies of education for people with disabilities in high school. This is a study that presents as analysis area the human rights, particularly the human right to education for people with disabilities. Supported by the movement of inclusive education, from the 90s of last century, special education emerges on the implementation stage of public policies on education, claiming the right to education for people with disabilities in common schools in regular education setting their role in the education and the current public policies that guide the organization of inclusive educational systems, this research aims at analyzing the processes of management of education systems of the Brazilian Federal Units aiming at the school inclusion young people with disabilities in high school, considering the expansion of compulsory school age up to 17 years, according to Constitutional Amendment No. 59, November 11, 2009, and the expansion of high school with the forecast to make it step obligatory education. This study, a qualitative, is subsidized by the references of Interpretative Sociology, Symbolic Interacinism and Social Phenomenology. The narrative interviews formed the data collection instrument and the documentary method allowed approach and theory of singularity and specificity of concrete experiences lived by research subjects, contextualized in their times and spaces, and made possible the understanding of organizational processes of inclusion school students with disabilities in high school, in education systems of the states of São Paulo, Goiás, Paraná, Tocantins and Manhanhão. The survey results demonstrate the importance of knowing the biographical and professional history of managers to understand the actions and organizational strategies implemented in the context of educational systems. It is evident that different conceptions guiding the organization of inclusive education in the country, dividing the work of federal unit in the principles of right and duty to education and, consequently, these concepts support the inclusion of certain deficiencies at the expense of others, in the last stage of basic education

Dipturus argentinensis, argentine skate

The Argentine Skate (Dipturus argentinensis) occurs in the Southwest Atlantic from central Chubut to southern Santa Cruz, Argentina and off the northwest Falkland Islands (Malvinas). It inhabits continental and insular shelves and slopes at depths of 85–400 m. Maximum size is unknown as only immature specimens have been caught (up to 125 cm total length) and there is some question as to where the adult population occurs. This skate is captured in commercial demersal trawl fisheries, which are intense across its entire known geographic and bathymetric range. It is captured in the target trawl fishery for skates off the Falkland Islands (Malvinas). Identification is an issue, and it may be captured more than is perceived. More information is needed to determine the level of overlap with fisheries and this species' catchability and sensitivity to fishing. Research is needed on distribution, life history, population size and trends, and threats. Since it is unknown whether fishing is causing a population reduction, there is currently inadequate information available to assess the Argentine Skate beyond Data Deficient.Fil: Pollom, R.. University Fraser Simon; CanadáFil: Chiaramonte, Gustavo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Hidrobiológica de Puerto Quequén (sede Quequén); ArgentinaFil: Cuevas, J. M.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Pompert, J.. Georgia Seafoods; Países BajosFil: Herman, K.. Georgia Aquarium; Estados Unido

Global Extinction Risk for Seahorses, Pipefishes and Their Near Relatives (Syngnathiformes)

Few marine taxa have been comprehensively assessed for their conservation status, despite heavy pressures from fishing, habitat degradation and climate change. Here we report on the first global assessment of extinction risk for 300 species of syngnathiform fishes known as of 2017, using the IUCN Red List criteria. This order of bony teleosts is dominated by seahorses, pipefishes and seadragons (family Syngnathidae). It also includes trumpetfishes (Aulostomidae), shrimpfishes (Centriscidae), cornetfishes (Fistulariidae) and ghost pipefishes (Solenostomidae). At least 6% are threatened, but data suggest a mid-point estimate of 7.9% and an upper bound of 38%. Most of the threatened species are seahorses (Hippocampus spp.: 14/42 species, with an additional 17 that are Data Deficient) or freshwater pipefishes of the genus Microphis (2/18 species, with seven additional that are Data Deficient). Two species are Near Threatened. Nearly one-third of syngnathiformes (97 species) are Data Deficient and could potentially be threatened, requiring further field research and evaluation. Most species (61%) were, however, evaluated as Least Concern. Primary threats to syngnathids are (1) overexploitation, primarily by non-selective fisheries, for which most assessments were determined by criterion A (Hippocampus) and/or (2) habitat loss and degradation, for which assessments were determined by criterion B (Microphis and some Hippocampus). Threatened species occurred in most regions but more are found in East and South-east Asia and in South African estuaries. Vital conservation action for syngnathids, including constraining fisheries, particularly non-selective extraction, and habitat protection and rehabilitation, will benefit many other aquatic species

Discopyge castelloi, Castello's Apron Numbfish

Castello's Apron Numbfish (Discopyge castelloi) is a small (to at least 31 cm total length) ray that occurs in the Southwest Atlantic from Necochea, Buenos Aires, to Camarones, Chubut, Argentina. It inhabits the inner continental shelf at depths of 35–56 m. Its depth range suggests that it is exposed to commercial and artisanal demersal trawl fisheries. Commercial fishing began in Argentina in the late 1800s, became industrialized after World War II, and increased rapidly in the 1980s. By 1992 there were over 300 coastal trawlers. This number increased to over 400 in 2015, and the number of fishing trips undertaken by that fleet nearly doubled from over 7,600 to nearly 14,000 over that time frame. The overall number of fishing vessels in operation in Argentina has grown from under 300 in 1990 to nearly 1,000 in 2015. This species has however been caught only rarely, and may have either a low catchability or a depth range deeper than is currently known. Further research is needed on distribution, life history, population size and trend, and threats. Since it is unknown whether fishing is causing a population reduction, there is currently inadequate information available to assess Castello's Apron Numbfish beyond Data Deficient.Fil: Pollom, R.. University Fraser Simon; CanadáFil: Chiaramonte, Gustavo Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Estación Hidrobiológica de Puerto Quequén (sede Quequén); ArgentinaFil: Cuevas, J. M.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Herman, K.. Georgia Aquarium; Estados UnidosFil: Rincon, G.. Universidade Federal Do Maranhao.; Brasi