Tropaeolin OO as a Chemical Sensor for a Trace Amount of Pd(II) Ions Determination

The selective determination of metals in waste solutions is a very important aspect of the industry and environmental protection. Knowledge of the contents and composition of the waste can contribute to design an efficient process separation and recovery of valuable metals. The problematic issue is primarily the correct determination of metals with similar properties such as palladium and platinum. Thus this paper focuses on the development of a selective method that enables Pd(II) determination in the presence of Pt(IV) ions using the azo-dye tropaeolin OO (TR). For this purpose, the process of the metalorganic complex formation and Pd(II) ions determination were studied by using UV–Vis spectrophotometry under different conditions: solvents (water and B-R buffer), pH (2.09–6.09), temperature (20–60 ◦C), anions and cations concentrations. The formed metalorganic complex between Pd and tropaeolin OO allows for distinguishing Pd(II) ions from both platinum complexes, i.e. Pt(II), Pt(IV). Moreover, the proposed method can be applied to solutions containing both chloride and chlorate ions. The obtained characteristic spectrum with two maxima allows the determination of palladium even in the presence of other cations (Na, K, Mg, Zn, Co, Ni, Al) and changed concentrations of Pt(IV) ions. Furthermore, the developed spectrophotometric method for the Pd(II) ions determination using tropaeolin OO is characterized by high selectivity towards palladium ions

Measurement of HNE-protein adducts in human plasma and serum by ELISA-Comparison of two primary antibodies

There is increasing evidence that non-enzymatic post-translational protein modifications might play key roles in various diseases. These protein modifications can be caused by free radicals generated during oxidative stress or by their products generated during lipid peroxidation. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE), a major biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, has been recognized as important molecule in pathology as well as in physiology of living organisms. Therefore, its detection and quantification can be considered as valuable tool for evaluating various pathophysiological conditions.The HNE-protein adduct ELISA is a method to detect HNE bound to proteins, which is considered as the most likely form of HNE occurrence in living systems. Since the earlier described ELISA has been validated for cell lysates and the antibody used for detection of HNE-protein adducts is non-commercial, the aim of this work was to adapt the ELISA to a commercial antibody and to apply it in the analysis of human plasma samples.After modification and validation of the protocol for both antibodies, samples of two groups were analyzed: apparently healthy obese (n=62) and non-obese controls (n=15). Although the detected absolute values of HNE-protein adducts were different, depending on the antibody used, both ELISA methods showed significantly higher values of HNE-protein adducts in the obese group

UV-visible and 1H−15N^1H-^{15}N NMR spectroscopic studies of colorimetric thiosemicarbazide anion sensors

Four model thiosemicarbazide anion chemosensors containing three N – H bonds, substituted with phenyl and/or 4-nitrophenyl units, were synthesised and studied for their anion binding abilities with hydroxide, fl uoride, acetate, dihydrogen phosphate and chloride. The anion binding properties were studied in DMSO and 9 : 1 DMSO – H 2 O by UV-visible absorption and 1 H/ 13 C/ 15 N NMR spectroscopic techniques and corroborated with DFT studies. Signi fi cant changes were observed in the UV-visible absorption spectra with all anions, except for chloride, accompanied by dramatic colour changes visible to the naked eye. These changes were determined to be due to the deprotonation of the central N – H proton and not due to hydrogen bonding based on 1 H/ 15 N NMR titration studies with acetate in DMSO- d 6 – 0.5% water. Direct evidence for deprotonation was con fi rmed by the disappearance of the central thiourea proton and the formation of acetic acid. DFT and charge distribution calculations suggest that for all four compounds the central N – H proton is the most acidic. Hence, the anion chemosensors operate by a deprotonation mechanism of the central N – H proton rather than by hydrogen bonding as is often reported

Model of care with multiple sclerosis

Stwardnienie rozsiane jest chorobą demielinizacyjną o niejasnej etiologii, występującą głównie u dorosłych. Istotą choroby jest wieloogniskowe uszkodzenie ośrodkowego układu nerwowego (OUN), które powoduje występowanie zróżnicowanych objawów neurologicznych. W pracy przedstawiono podstawy kliniczne stwardnienia rozsianego, uwzględniając diagnostykę i zróżnicowane metody leczenia, oraz zaprezentowano najnowsze kryteria rozpoznania. Praca zawiera optymalny model opieki nad pacjentami chorującymi na stwardnienie rozsiane, a także wyjaśnienie pojęć związanych ze sprawowaniem opieki pielęgniarskiej.Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of unknown aetiology, occurring mainly in adults. The essence of multifocal disease is damage to the central nervous system (CNS), which causes the occurrence of various neurological symptoms. This paper presents the basis of clinical multiple sclerosis, taking into account the different methods of diagnosis and treatment, and presents the latest diagnostic criteria. The paper presents the optimal model of care for patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, and to clarify concepts in nursing care