Troubles du comportement en sommeil paradoxal idiopathiques et associés à la maladie de Parkinson : analyse comportementale et neurophysiologique du traitement des informations visuelles

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) has been recognized formally as a parasomnia in 1986 by Carlos Schenck. RBD is characterized by loss of normal muscle atonia during rapid eye movement sleep, associated with motor activity from simple jerks to elaborate, often violent, behaviors. This motor activity occurs while dreaming, and has been described as “acting out dreams”. RBD are frequent in Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD patients with RBD show more severe cognitive disorders and have a higher risk of developing dementia than patients without RBD. When isolated and with no identified pathological etiology, RBD are considered as “idiopathic” (iRBD). This “idiopathic” form has been questioned due to the presence of markers of neurodegeneration (cognitive disorders, structural and functional cerebral abnormalities) in iRBD patients. A quite large number of iRBD patients will eventually develop parkinsonism and/or dementia after several years. A recent study reports a delayed emergence of parkinsonism/dementia in 81 % of iRBD patients with a mean interval of 14 years from onset of RBD. These data has leaded to consider RBD as a symptom of the PD “pre-motor” stage. This classic progression of PD staging (pre-clinic, pre-motor, motor, dementia) is not found in every PD patient. It would rather reveal a specific PD sub-type characterized by many non-motor symptoms preceding parkinsonism and with a higher risk of early dementia. Cognitive disorders would be one of these non-motor symptoms, especially affecting visual perception. The goal of this doctoral dissertation was to study the relationship between RBD, visual perception disorders and PD. The first study aimed at identifying the nature of visual perception disorders in iRBD patients, based on specific assessments of visuo-spatial functions. The results showed a deficit of the intermediate stage of visual perception in iRBD patients. PD patients had a similar deficit which was more severe when associated with RBD. The second study focused on the analysis of the possible cerebral dysfunction underlying this visual perception deficit in iRBD patients. This study was based on the recording of the Ncl (negativity associated with closure), a cognitive event-related potential indexing the ability to recognize an object even partially occulted, mainly based on the intermediate stage of object processing. The results showed no Ncl component in iRBD patients. This is in line with a cerebral dysfunction located in the lateral occipital complex (LOC), a region belonging to the ventral visual pathway. The third study examined the cognitive profile of treatment-naïve PD patients, first at the time of diagnosis and then one year later. Previous published data demonstrated that the presence of RBD is associated with more severe cognitive disorders in treated PD patients. Based on the first assessments of our group of treatment-naïve patients, we examined whether these differences already exist at the time of diagnosis. The objective of the second evaluation session was to determine whether PD patients with RBD had a higher risk of early severe cognitive impairments than non-RBD patients. At the first session, 17 of the 57 patients (30%) met the criteria for RBD. At that time, RBD was not found to be associated with cognitive decline. We did not find clinical differences related to PD or others sleep disorders between RBD and non-RBD PD patients. Some yet isolated results might reflect a trend towards a potential decline in RBD patients. At the second session, only RBD patients but not non-RBD patients showed a cognitive slowing. RBD patients may also have a trend toward apathy. A longer follow-up study is needed to confirm this trend. [...]Les troubles du comportement en sommeil paradoxal (TCSP) ont été individualisés comme un type de parasomnie par Carlos Schenck en 1986. Il s’agit d’une parasomnie caractérisée par l’absence d’atonie musculaire pendant le sommeil paradoxal associée à l’apparition de mouvements anormaux allant de simples secousses à des comportements élaborés souvent violents. Ces comportements dépendent de l’activité onirique et sont décrits comme une « mise en acte des rêves ». Les TCSP sont fréquents dans la maladie de Parkinson. Les patients parkinsoniens ayant des TCSP ont des troubles cognitifs plus importants et ont un risque de démence plus important que les autres patients. Les TCSP peuvent également se présenter de manière isolée, sans aucune cause pathologique apparente. Ils sont alors considérés comme « idiopathiques » (TCSPi). Ce terme « idiopathique » a néanmoins été remis en cause du fait de la présence de nombreux signes évocateurs d’une synucléinopathie chez ces patients (affaiblissement des performances cognitives, anomalies cérébrales structurales et fonctionnelles). De nombreux patients ayant des TCSP initialement considérés comme idiopathiques, vont développer un syndrome parkinsonien et/ou une démence après plusieurs années d’évolution. Une étude récente rapporte que cela concerne 81 % des patients après 16 ans de suivi. Ces données ont conduit à l’hypothèse selon laquelle les TCSP seraient un symptôme révélant les stades précoces « non-moteurs » de la MP. Les agrégats pathologiques d’alpha-synucléine touchant les structures du tronc cérébral seraient à l’origine de l’apparition de TCSP avant même le syndrome parkinsonien. Cette chronologie dans les stades d’évolution de la MP (pré-clinique, pré-moteur, moteur, démence) ne semble néanmoins pas être retrouvée chez tous les patients parkinsoniens. Elle révèlerait plutôt un certain sous-type de MP, caractérisée par de nombreux symptômes non-moteurs précédant le syndrome parkinsonien et par un risque accru de démence précoce. Parmi ces symptômes non moteurs, les troubles cognitifs seraient importants et toucheraient notamment le fonctionnement visuo-perceptif. Ce travail a eu pour objectif d’étudier le lien entre les TCSP, les troubles visuo-perceptifs et la maladie de Parkinson. Dans une première étude, des évaluations spécifiques des fonctions visuo-spatiales ont permis de mettre en évidence des troubles visuo-perceptifs chez les patients ayant des TCSPi. Les patients parkinsoniens ayant des TCSP avaient des troubles visuo-perceptifs plus marqués que ceux n’ayant pas de TCSP. Les résultats ont également permis d’identifier la nature des troubles visuo-perceptifs. Les processus intermédiaires de traitement de l’information visuelle semblent spécifiquement touchés dans ces groupes de patients.La deuxième partie de notre travail a été consacrée à l’exploration des corrélats neurophysiologiques de cette atteinte perceptive chez les patients ayant des TCSPi. Cette étude était basée sur l’analyse d’un potentiel évoqué cognitif : la Ncl (negativity associated with closure) décrite comme un marqueur de notre capacité à reconnaître des objets partiellement occultés ; autrement dit, une composante générée par la mise en jeu des processus intermédiaires de traitement de l’information visuelle. L’absence de Ncl observée chez les patients ayant des TCSPi est compatible avec l’hypothèse d’un dysfonctionnement des régions du Lateral occipital complex (LOC) situées sur la voie ventrale de traitement de l’information visuelle. [...

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder idiopathic and associated with Parkinson's disease : behavioral and neurophysiological analysis of visual information processing

Les troubles du comportement en sommeil paradoxal (TCSP) ont été individualisés comme un type de parasomnie par Carlos Schenck en 1986. Il s’agit d’une parasomnie caractérisée par l’absence d’atonie musculaire pendant le sommeil paradoxal associée à l’apparition de mouvements anormaux allant de simples secousses à des comportements élaborés souvent violents. Ces comportements dépendent de l’activité onirique et sont décrits comme une « mise en acte des rêves ». Les TCSP sont fréquents dans la maladie de Parkinson. Les patients parkinsoniens ayant des TCSP ont des troubles cognitifs plus importants et ont un risque de démence plus important que les autres patients. Les TCSP peuvent également se présenter de manière isolée, sans aucune cause pathologique apparente. Ils sont alors considérés comme « idiopathiques » (TCSPi). Ce terme « idiopathique » a néanmoins été remis en cause du fait de la présence de nombreux signes évocateurs d’une synucléinopathie chez ces patients (affaiblissement des performances cognitives, anomalies cérébrales structurales et fonctionnelles). De nombreux patients ayant des TCSP initialement considérés comme idiopathiques, vont développer un syndrome parkinsonien et/ou une démence après plusieurs années d’évolution. Une étude récente rapporte que cela concerne 81 % des patients après 16 ans de suivi. Ces données ont conduit à l’hypothèse selon laquelle les TCSP seraient un symptôme révélant les stades précoces « non-moteurs » de la MP. Les agrégats pathologiques d’alpha-synucléine touchant les structures du tronc cérébral seraient à l’origine de l’apparition de TCSP avant même le syndrome parkinsonien. Cette chronologie dans les stades d’évolution de la MP (pré-clinique, pré-moteur, moteur, démence) ne semble néanmoins pas être retrouvée chez tous les patients parkinsoniens. Elle révèlerait plutôt un certain sous-type de MP, caractérisée par de nombreux symptômes non-moteurs précédant le syndrome parkinsonien et par un risque accru de démence précoce. Parmi ces symptômes non moteurs, les troubles cognitifs seraient importants et toucheraient notamment le fonctionnement visuo-perceptif. Ce travail a eu pour objectif d’étudier le lien entre les TCSP, les troubles visuo-perceptifs et la maladie de Parkinson. Dans une première étude, des évaluations spécifiques des fonctions visuo-spatiales ont permis de mettre en évidence des troubles visuo-perceptifs chez les patients ayant des TCSPi. Les patients parkinsoniens ayant des TCSP avaient des troubles visuo-perceptifs plus marqués que ceux n’ayant pas de TCSP. Les résultats ont également permis d’identifier la nature des troubles visuo-perceptifs. Les processus intermédiaires de traitement de l’information visuelle semblent spécifiquement touchés dans ces groupes de patients.La deuxième partie de notre travail a été consacrée à l’exploration des corrélats neurophysiologiques de cette atteinte perceptive chez les patients ayant des TCSPi. Cette étude était basée sur l’analyse d’un potentiel évoqué cognitif : la Ncl (negativity associated with closure) décrite comme un marqueur de notre capacité à reconnaître des objets partiellement occultés ; autrement dit, une composante générée par la mise en jeu des processus intermédiaires de traitement de l’information visuelle. L’absence de Ncl observée chez les patients ayant des TCSPi est compatible avec l’hypothèse d’un dysfonctionnement des régions du Lateral occipital complex (LOC) situées sur la voie ventrale de traitement de l’information visuelle. [...]Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) has been recognized formally as a parasomnia in 1986 by Carlos Schenck. RBD is characterized by loss of normal muscle atonia during rapid eye movement sleep, associated with motor activity from simple jerks to elaborate, often violent, behaviors. This motor activity occurs while dreaming, and has been described as “acting out dreams”. RBD are frequent in Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD patients with RBD show more severe cognitive disorders and have a higher risk of developing dementia than patients without RBD. When isolated and with no identified pathological etiology, RBD are considered as “idiopathic” (iRBD). This “idiopathic” form has been questioned due to the presence of markers of neurodegeneration (cognitive disorders, structural and functional cerebral abnormalities) in iRBD patients. A quite large number of iRBD patients will eventually develop parkinsonism and/or dementia after several years. A recent study reports a delayed emergence of parkinsonism/dementia in 81 % of iRBD patients with a mean interval of 14 years from onset of RBD. These data has leaded to consider RBD as a symptom of the PD “pre-motor” stage. This classic progression of PD staging (pre-clinic, pre-motor, motor, dementia) is not found in every PD patient. It would rather reveal a specific PD sub-type characterized by many non-motor symptoms preceding parkinsonism and with a higher risk of early dementia. Cognitive disorders would be one of these non-motor symptoms, especially affecting visual perception. The goal of this doctoral dissertation was to study the relationship between RBD, visual perception disorders and PD. The first study aimed at identifying the nature of visual perception disorders in iRBD patients, based on specific assessments of visuo-spatial functions. The results showed a deficit of the intermediate stage of visual perception in iRBD patients. PD patients had a similar deficit which was more severe when associated with RBD. The second study focused on the analysis of the possible cerebral dysfunction underlying this visual perception deficit in iRBD patients. This study was based on the recording of the Ncl (negativity associated with closure), a cognitive event-related potential indexing the ability to recognize an object even partially occulted, mainly based on the intermediate stage of object processing. The results showed no Ncl component in iRBD patients. This is in line with a cerebral dysfunction located in the lateral occipital complex (LOC), a region belonging to the ventral visual pathway. The third study examined the cognitive profile of treatment-naïve PD patients, first at the time of diagnosis and then one year later. Previous published data demonstrated that the presence of RBD is associated with more severe cognitive disorders in treated PD patients. Based on the first assessments of our group of treatment-naïve patients, we examined whether these differences already exist at the time of diagnosis. The objective of the second evaluation session was to determine whether PD patients with RBD had a higher risk of early severe cognitive impairments than non-RBD patients. At the first session, 17 of the 57 patients (30%) met the criteria for RBD. At that time, RBD was not found to be associated with cognitive decline. We did not find clinical differences related to PD or others sleep disorders between RBD and non-RBD PD patients. Some yet isolated results might reflect a trend towards a potential decline in RBD patients. At the second session, only RBD patients but not non-RBD patients showed a cognitive slowing. RBD patients may also have a trend toward apathy. A longer follow-up study is needed to confirm this trend. [...

Hallucinations and conscious access to visual inputs in Parkinson's disease

The pathophysiology of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease has yet to be characterized. Although stimulus-driven ("bottom-up") processes are known to be impaired, the role of "top-down" processes remains to be determined. Distinguishing between conscious and non-conscious detections (i.e. access to consciousness) may be a valuable way of monitoring top-down processes. Conscious access to visual inputs was investigated to identify the neural substrates underlying susceptibility to hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Seventeen healthy controls, 18 Parkinson's disease patients with minor visual hallucinations and 16 without were enrolled in the study. During functional magnetic resonance imaging, the participants performed a visual detection task. The detection threshold was significantly higher in each patient group than in healthy controls while the two groups of patients did not differ significantly. Compared with hallucination-free patients, patients with minor hallucinations displayed hyperactivation of prefrontal and right occipital cortices, and hypoactivation of the left cingulate, temporal and occipital cortices. During conscious access to visual inputs, the functional network in patients with visual hallucinations differed from that seen in patients without visual hallucinations. This suggests that the supremacy of top-down processes in visual information processing may enhance susceptibility to hallucinations in Parkinson's disease

Cognitive disorders in parkinson's disease: confirmation of a spectrum of severity

International audienceBACKGROUND: Clinical presentation and progression of cognitive disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) is heterogeneous. Our objective was to confirm prospectively a previous exploratory cluster analysis based on retrospective data that identified five cognitive phenotypes in PD.METHODS: A model-based confirmatory cluster analysis was conducted on the results of neuropsychological tests administered in 156 PD patients from two European movement disorder centers (Lille, n = 81; Maastricht, n = 75). The number of clusters was determined on the basis of statistical criteria as well as clinical plausibility. A factorial discriminant analysis assessed the quality of the clusters' separation.RESULTS: A five-cluster model was statistically superior and clinically the most relevant. These clusters can be described as follows: 1) cognitively intact patients with high level of performance in all cognitive domains (25.64%), 2) cognitively intact patients slightly slower than those in cluster 1 (26.92%), 3) patients with deficits in executive functions (37.18%), 4) patients with severe deficits in all cognitive domains, particularly executive functions (3.20%), 5) patients with severe deficits in all cognitive domains, particularly working memory and recall in verbal episodic memory (7.05%). The groups differed in terms of age, apathy and frequency of hallucinations that were all higher in the clusters with cognitive deficits, and the duration of formal education was lower in those groups.CONCLUSIONS: We confirm our previous exploratory analysis. Cognitive disorders in PD patients are heterogeneous and can be separated in five clusters ranging from patients with performance in the normal range to patients with severe disorders in all cognitive domains

Functional connectivity disruptions correlate with cognitive phenotypes in Parkinson's disease

International audienceCognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease are thought to be related to altered functional brain connectivity. To date, cognitive-related changes in Parkinson's disease have never been explored with dense-EEG with the aim of establishing a relationship between the degree of cognitive impairment, on the one hand, and alterations in the functional connectivity of brain networks, on the other hand. This study was aimed at identifying altered brain networks associated with cognitive phenotypes in Parkinson's disease using dense-EEG data recorded during rest with eyes closed. Three groups of Parkinson's disease patients (N = 124) with different cognitive phenotypes coming from a data-driven cluster analysis, were studied: G1) cognitively intact patients (63), G2) patients with mild cognitive deficits (46) and G3) patients with severe cognitive deficits (15). Functional brain networks were identified using a dense-EEG source connectivity method. Pairwise functional connectivity was computed for 68 brain regions in different EEG frequency bands. Network statistics were assessed at both global (network topology) and local (inter-regional connections) level. Results revealed progressive disruptions in functional connectivity between the three patient groups, typically in the alpha band. Differences between G1 and G2 (p < 0.001, corrected using permutation test) were mainly frontotemporal alterations. A statistically significant correlation (ρ = 0.49, p < 0.001) was also obtained between a proposed network-based index and the patients' cognitive score. Global properties of network topology in patients were relatively intact. These findings indicate that functional connectivity decreases with the worsening of cognitive performance and loss of frontotemporal connectivity may be a promising neuromarker of cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease

A 15-day course of donepezil modulates spectral EEG dynamics related to target auditory stimuli in young, healthy adult volunteers

To identify possible electroencephalographic (EEG) markers of donepezil's effect on cortical activity in young, healthy adult volunteers at the group level. METHODS: Thirty subjects were administered a daily dose of either 5mg donepezil or placebo for 15days in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial. The electroencephalogram during an auditory oddball paradigm was recorded from 58 scalp electrodes. Current source density (CSD) transformations were applied to EEG epochs. The event-related potential (ERP), inter-trial coherence (ITC: the phase consistency of the EEG spectrum) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP: the EEG power spectrum relative to the baseline) were calculated for the target (oddball) stimuli. RESULTS: The donepezil and placebo conditions differed in terms of the changes in delta/theta/alpha/beta ITC and ERSP in various regions of the scalp (especially the frontal electrodes) but not in terms of latency and amplitude of the P300-ERP component. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that ITC and ERSP analyses can provide EEG markers of donepezil's effects in young, healthy, adult volunteers at a group level. SIGNIFICANCE: Novel EEG markers could be useful to assess the therapeutic potential of drug candidates in Alzheimer's disease in healthy volunteers prior to the initiation of Phase II/III clinical studies in patients

A 15-day course of donepezil modulates spectral EEG dynamics related to target auditory stimuli in young, healthy adult volunteers

Objective: To identify possible electroencephalographic (EEG) markers of donepezil's effect on cortical activity in young, healthy adult volunteers at the group level. Methods: Thirty subjects were administered a daily dose of either 5. mg donepezil or placebo for 15. days in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial. The electroencephalogram during an auditory oddball paradigm was recorded from 58 scalp electrodes. Current source density (CSD) transformations were applied to EEG epochs. The event-related potential (ERP), inter-trial coherence (ITC: the phase consistency of the EEG spectrum) and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP: the EEG power spectrum relative to the baseline) were calculated for the target (oddball) stimuli. Results: The donepezil and placebo conditions differed in terms of the changes in delta/theta/alpha/beta ITC and ERSP in various regions of the scalp (especially the frontal electrodes) but not in terms of latency and amplitude of the P300-ERP component. Conclusion: Our results suggest that ITC and ERSP analyses can provide EEG markers of donepezil's effects in young, healthy, adult volunteers at a group level. Significance: Novel EEG markers could be useful to assess the therapeutic potential of drug candidates in Alzheimer's disease in healthy volunteers prior to the initiation of Phase II/III clinical studies in patients