36 research outputs found

    Factors associated with antiretroviral treatment initiation amongst HIV-positive individuals linked to care within a universal test and treat programme: early findings of the ANRS 12249 TasP trial in rural South Africa

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    Prompt uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to ensure the success of universal test and treat (UTT) strategies to prevent HIV transmission in high-prevalence settings. We describe ART initiation rates and associated factors within an ongoing UTT cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa. HIV-positive individuals were offered immediate ART in the intervention arm vs. national guidelines recommended initiation (CD4≀350 cells/mm3) in the control arm. We used data collected up to July 2015 among the ART-eligible individuals linked to TasP clinics before January 2015. ART initiation rates at one (M1), three (M3) and six months (M6) from baseline visit were described by cluster and CD4 count strata (cells/mm3) and other eligibility criteria: ≀100; 100–200; 200–350; CD4>350 with WHO stage 3/4 or pregnancy; CD4>350 without WHO stage 3/4 or pregnancy. A Cox model accounting for covariate effect changes over time was used to assess factors associated with ART initiation. The 514 participants had a median [interquartile range] follow-up duration of 1.08 [0.69; 2.07] months until ART initiation or last visit. ART initiation rates at M1 varied substantially (36.9% in the group CD4>350 without WHO stage 3/4 or pregnancy, and 55.2–71.8% in the three groups with CD4≀350) but less at M6 (from 85.3% in the first group to 96.1–98.3% in the three other groups). Factors associated with lower ART initiation at M1 were a higher CD4 count and attending clinics with both high patient load and higher cluster HIV prevalence. After M1, having a regular partner was the only factor associated with higher likelihood of ART initiation. These findings suggest good ART uptake within a UTT setting, even among individuals with high CD4 count. However, inadequate staffing and healthcare professional practices could result in prioritizing ART initiation in patients with the lowest CD4 counts

    Access to HIV care in the context of universal test and treat: challenges within the ANRS 12249 TasP cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa

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    Introduction: We aimed to quantify and identify associated factors of linkage to HIV care following home-based HIV counselling and testing (HBHCT) in the ongoing ANRS 12249 treatment-as-prevention (TasP) cluster-randomized trial in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods: Individuals ]16 years were offered HBHCT; those who were identified HIV positive were referred to cluster-based TasP clinics and offered antiretroviral treatment (ART) immediately (five clusters) or according to national guidelines (five clusters). HIV care was also available in the local Department of Health (DoH) clinics. Linkage to HIV care was defined as TasP or DoH clinic attendance within three months of referral among adults not in HIV care at referral. Associated factors were identified using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for trial arm. Results: Overall, 1323 HIV-positive adults (72.9% women) not in HIV care at referral were included, of whom 36.9% (n488) linked to care B3 months of referral (similar by sex). In adjusted analyses (n1222), individuals who had never been in HIV care before referral were significantly less likely to link to care than those who had previously been in care (B33% vs. 42%, pB0.001). Linkage to care was lower in students (adjusted odds-ratio [aOR] 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.240.92) than in employed adults, in adults who completed secondary school (aOR0.68; CI 0.490.96) or at least some secondary school (aOR0.59; CI 0.410.84) versus 5 primary school, in those who lived at 1 to 2 km (aOR0.58; CI 0.440.78) or 25 km from the nearest TasP clinic (aOR0.57; CI 0.410.77) versus B1 km, and in those who were referred to clinic after ]2 contacts (aOR0.75; CI 0.580.97) versus those referred at the first contact. Linkage to care was higher in adults who reported knowing an HIV-positive family member (aOR1.45; CI 1.121.86) versus not, and in those who said that they would take ART as soon as possible if they were diagnosed HIV positive (aOR2.16; CI 1.134.10) versus not. Conclusions: Fewer than 40% of HIV-positive adults not in care at referral were linked to HIV care within three months of HBHCT in the TasP trial. Achieving universal test and treat coverage will require innovative interventions to support linkage to HIV care

    PLoS One

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    BACKGROUND: Limited engagement in clinic-based care is affecting the HIV response. We explored the field experiences and perceptions of local health care workers regarding home-based strategies as opportunities to improve the cascade of care of people living with HIV in rural South Africa as part of a Universal Test-and-Treat approach. METHODS: In Hlabisa sub-district, home-based HIV services, including rapid HIV testing and counselling, and support for linkage to and retention in clinic-based HIV care, were implemented by health care workers within the ANRS 12249 Treatment-as-Prevention (TasP) trial. From April to July 2016, we conducted a mixed-methods study among health care workers from the TasP trial and from local government clinics, using self-administrated questionnaires (n = 90 in the TasP trial, n = 56 in government clinics), semi-structured interviews (n = 13 in the TasP trial, n = 5 in government clinics) and three focus group discussions (n = 6-10 health care workers of the TasP trial per group). Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative data and qualitative data were analysed thematically. RESULTS: More than 90% of health care workers assessed home-based testing and support for linkage to care as feasible and acceptable by the population they serve. Many health care workers underlined how home visits could facilitate reaching people who had slipped through the cracks of the clinic-based health care system and encourage them to successfully access care. Health care workers however expressed concerns about the ability of home-based services to answer the HIV care needs of all community members, including people working outside their home during the day or those who fear HIV-related stigmatization. Overall, health care workers encouraged policy-makers to more formally integrate home-based services in the local health system. They promoted reshaping the disease-specific and care-oriented services towards more comprehensive goals. CONCLUSION: Because home-based services allow identification of people early during their infection and encourage them to take actions leading to viral suppression, HCWs assessed them as valuable components within the panel of UTT interventions, aiming to reach the 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets, especially in the rural Southern African region. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The registration number of the ANRS 12249 TasP trial on ClinicalTrials.gov is NCT01509508

    Temporal trends of population viral suppression in the context of Universal Test and Treat: the ANRS 12249 TasP trial in rural South Africa

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    Introduction: The universal test-and-treat (UTT) strategy aims to maximize population viral suppression (PVS), that is, the proportion of all people living with HIV (PLHIV) on antiretroviral treatment (ART) and virally suppressed, with the goal of reducing HIV transmission at the population level. This article explores the extent to which temporal changes in PVS explain the observed lack of association between universal treatment and cumulative HIV incidence seen in the ANRS 12249 TasP trial conducted in rural South Africa. Methods: The TasP cluster-randomized trial (2012 to 2016) implemented six-monthly repeat home-based HIV counselling and testing (RHBCT) and referral of PLHIV to local HIV clinics in 2 9 11 clusters opened sequentially. ART was initiated according to national guidelines in control clusters and regardless of CD4 count in intervention clusters. We measured residency status, HIV status, and HIV care status for each participant on a daily basis. PVS was computed per cluster among all resident PLHIV (≄16, including those not in care) at cluster opening and daily thereafter. We used a mixed linear model to explore time patterns in PVS, adjusting for sociodemographic changes at the cluster level. Results: 8563 PLHIV were followed. During the course of the trial, PVS increased significantly in both arms (23.5% to 46.2% in intervention, +22.8, p < 0.001; 26.0% to 44.6% in control, +18.6, p < 0.001). That increase was similar in both arms (p = 0.514). In the final adjusted model, PVS increase was most associated with increased RHBCT and the implementation of local trial clinics (measured by time since cluster opening). Contextual changes (measured by calendar time) also contributed slightly. The effect of universal ART (trial arm) was positive but limited. Conclusions: PVS was improved significantly but similarly in both trial arms, explaining partly the null effect observed in terms of cumulative HIV incidence between arms. The PVS gains due to changes in ART-initiation guidelines alone are relatively small compared to gains obtained by strategies to maximize testing and linkage to care. The achievement of the 90-90-90 targets will not be met if the operational and implementational challenges limiting access to care and treatment, often context-specific, are not properly addressed. Clinical trial number: NCT01509508 (clinicalTrials.gov)/DOH-27-0512-3974 (South African National Clinical Trials Register)

    Retention in care prior to antiretroviral treatment eligibility in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of the literature

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    International audienceObjective We aimed at summarising rates and factors associated with retention in HIV care prior to antiretroviral treatment (ART) eligibility in sub-Saharan Africa.Design We conducted a systematic literature review (2002–2014). We searched Medline/Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, as well as proceedings of conferences. We included all original research studies published in peer-reviewed journals, which used quantitative indicators of retention in care prior to ART eligibility.Participants People not yet eligible for ART.Primary and secondary outcomes Rate of retention in HIV care prior to ART eligibility and associated factors.Results 10 papers and 2 abstracts were included. Most studies were conducted in Southern and Eastern Africa between 2004 and 2011 and reported retention rates in pre-ART care up to the second CD4 measurement. Definition of retention in HIV care prior to ART eligibility differed substantially across studies. Retention rates ranged between 23% and 88% based on series ranging from 112 to 10 314 individuals; retention was higher in women, individuals aged >25 years, those with low CD4 count, high body mass index or co-infected with tuberculosis, and in settings with free cotrimoxazole use.Conclusions Retention in HIV care prior to ART eligibility in sub-Saharan Africa has been insufficiently described so far leaving major research gaps, especially regarding long-term retention rates and sociodemographic, economic, clinical and programmatic logistic determinants. The prospective follow-up of newly diagnosed individuals is required to better evaluate attrition prior to ART eligibility among HIV-infected people

    Change of treatment guidelines and evolution of ART initiation in rural South Africa: data of a large HIV care and treatment programme

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    International audienceBackground: While WHO recommendations are to treat people earlier and earlier, it will considerably increase the number of HIV infected people eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART). In South Africa, a country which carries one of the highest HIV burden worldwide, very few studies are available on the impact of the ART guidelines on time to ART initiation in both individuals with low CD4 count and those newly eligible for ART. We thus aimed to describe ART initiation percentages in a large HIV programme in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, according to the temporal changes of national ART eligibility guidelines from 2007 to 2012. Methods: Adults who accessed the decentralized Hlabisa HIV treatment programme in 2007–2012 were included. Three periods following the temporal change of ART eligibility guidelines were defined (Period 1: until). Percentages of ART initiation within three months of programme entry were estimated in men, in women of childbearing age (<40 years old) and in older women, and stratifying by CD4 count. Trend tests and logistic regression models were used to study the effects of change of guidelines on ART initiation percentages. Results: In individuals with CD4 count ≀200 cells/ÎŒL (N = 5709 men, N = 6743 women <40 years old and N = 2017 older women), percentages of ART initiation did not differ over time (p trend = 0.25; 0.28; and 0.14, respectively). In individuals with CD4 count = 201–350 cells/ÎŒL (N = 2680 men, N = 6086 women <40 years old and N = 1415 older women), percentages of ART initiation significantly increased over time (p trend <0.01 for the three groups): from 6 % in Period 1 to 20 % in Period 2 to 40 % in Period 3 in women of childbearing age, and from 7 % to 8-10 % to 42 % in men and in older women.Conclusions : As temporal changes of guidelines, percentages of ART initiation significantly increased in newly ART eligible people and did not decrease in individuals with very low CD4 counts. It will be crucial to continue verifying the evolution of these percentages of ART initiation with future recommendations reaching near-to-universal access to ART, to ensure that individuals most in need of ART receive it

    Implementing PrEP among Female Sex Workers in Cîte d’Ivoire: new challenges for models of care (PrEP-CI ANRS 12361)

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    In the past few years, two biomedical interventions have been added to classical tools of HIV prevention: early treatment (TasP) and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Despite the high quality evidence from recent PrEP trials, research on how best to deliver PrEP in ‘real life’ in different populations and settings remains crucial.In Cîte d’Ivoire, female sex workers (FSWs) have very high HIV prevalence (29%, UNAIDS 2015) and do not systematically use condoms: a 2014 survey showed condom use of 90% at last sexual act with a client and 15% with ‘non-client’ partner (Bamba et al. 2014). This strongly suggests that PrEP could be of great value to protect the ‘remaining risky sexual acts’.In this context, we conducted a qualitative survey among 60 FSWs reached by two community NGOs, to identify potential obstacles to regular clinical monitoring of HIV negative FSWs that any incoming program of PrEP will have to take into account. Results showed that barriers remain for HIV negative FSWs to access services offered in dedicated health centres. Implementing a program of PrEP for this population necessitate rethinking health care services and delivery system, as PrEP cannot be delivered without implementing a global package of sexual health services

    « C'est difficile de la prendre tous les jours » : Initiations, arrĂȘts prĂ©coces et perceptions de la prophylaxie prĂ©-exposition (PrEP) orale parmi les travailleuses du sexe en CĂŽte d'Ivoire

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    International audienceObjectifsLe projet PRINCESSE ANRS 12381 (12/2019 Ă  06/2023) a proposĂ© une offre Ă©largie en santĂ© sexuelle et reproductive, incluant la prophylaxie prĂ©-exposition (PrEP) orale, au sein d'une cohorte de travailleuses du sexe (TS) ĂągĂ©es de ≄18 ans dans la rĂ©gion de San Pedro en CĂŽte d’Ivoire. Nous dĂ©crivons ici les initiations et les arrĂȘts de la PrEP chez les participantes et explorons leurs perceptions pour en comprendre les obstacles et facilitateurs.MatĂ©riels et MĂ©thodesLes soins Ă©taient offerts dans une clinique communautaire et une clinique mobile opĂ©rant sur 10 sites de prostitution. L'analyse repose sur une mĂ©thodologie mixte incluant des entretiens qualitatifs avec 38 TS menĂ©s tout au long du projet et les fiches cliniques remplies par les mĂ©decins auprĂšs de 416 TS VIH & VHB nĂ©gatives.RĂ©sultatsDe nombreuses femmes reconnaissaient l'effet protecteur de la PrEP et tĂ©moignaient d’un fort intĂ©rĂȘt pour initier (n=398 ; >96%). Parmi elles, 225 (57%) n’ont pas Ă©tĂ© revues dans les 6 semaines, 4 n'Ă©taient plus intĂ©ressĂ©es, et seulement 169 (42%) ont effectivement initiĂ©.L’arrĂȘt aprĂšs l’initiation Ă©tait frĂ©quemment reportĂ© par les TS, et les raisons incluaient les effets secondaires, la difficultĂ© Ă  prendre un traitement quotidien ou encore les pĂ©riodes de mobilitĂ© avec arrĂȘt du travail du sexe. Parmi les 169 ayant initiĂ©, 60 (36%) ont rĂ©alisĂ© leur premiĂšre visite de suivi, dont 16 (27%) ayant signalĂ© avoir arrĂȘtĂ© la PrEP. Parmi ces derniĂšres, 4 (25%) ont dĂ©clarĂ© ne plus ĂȘtre intĂ©ressĂ©es ; les autres ont reçu une nouvelle ordonnance.À chaque visite ultĂ©rieure de suivi, certaines TS avaient interrompu un temps la PrEP, et d’autres dĂ©cidaient d’arrĂȘter. Plus largement, la confiance dans la PrEP n'Ă©tait pas totale parmi les femmes interrogĂ©es. Certaines ont rapportĂ© des rumeurs et la crainte d'ĂȘtre identifiĂ©es comme sĂ©ropositives par leurs collĂšgues. D'autres semblaient ne pas avoir compris le fonctionnement de la PrEP quotidienne et utilisaient simultanĂ©ment d'autres moyens pour se protĂ©ger contre le VIH, comme le lavement aprĂšs un rapport sexuel sans prĂ©servatif.ConclusionBien que la perte de vue des TS ait Ă©tĂ© un problĂšme majeur, ce n'Ă©tait pas la seule barriĂšre Ă  l'initiation et au maintien de la PrEP. MalgrĂ© un fort intĂ©rĂȘt, peu ont initiĂ© et l'arrĂȘt Ă©tait frĂ©quent, en partie liĂ© aux pĂ©riodes de mobilitĂ©. La PrEP orale n'est pas une solution miracle : il semble difficile pour les TS de l’articuler avec d'autres prioritĂ©s quotidiennes. Elles (rĂ©)Ă©valuent, Ă  chaque Ă©tape du processus, la balance bĂ©nĂ©fices (« thĂ©oriques ») / contraintes (« palpables ») de la PrEP. Dans cette population spĂ©cifique de TS, il est urgent de trouver de nouvelles façons de simplifier la prĂ©vention biomĂ©dicale du VIH, que ce soit en termes de dispositifs (PrEP Ă  longue durĂ©e d’action par exemple) ou d’allĂšgement du suivi

    DĂ©fis de la prise en charge des condylomes acuminĂ©s en stratĂ©gie avancĂ©e dans une cohorte de travailleuses du sexe en CĂŽte d’Ivoire : leçons apprises dans la cohorte ANRS 12381 Princesse

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    International audienceObjectifsLes condylomes acuminĂ©s rĂ©sultent d’une infection du papillomavirus humain et peuvent Ă©voluer vers des formes graves comme des cancers. Du fait de leurs pratiques, les travailleuses du sexe (TS) y sont particuliĂšrement exposĂ©es. Nous dĂ©crivons ici les dĂ©fis d’une prise en charge des condylomes en stratĂ©gie avancĂ©e.MatĂ©riels et MĂ©thodesLe projet Princesse est une cohorte interventionnelle avec une offre de soins Ă©largies en santĂ© sexuelle, incluant un dĂ©pistage et une prise en charge des infections sexuellement transmissibles (IST), pour des TS de ≄ 18 ans dans la rĂ©gion de San Pedro, CĂŽte d’Ivoire. Un suivi trimestriel est proposĂ©, disponible Ă  la fois sur sites prostitutionnels via une clinique mobile et Ă  la clinique fixe d’Aprosam Ă  San Pedro.RĂ©sultatsSur 381 TS suivies entre 11/2019 et 11/2020, 11 prĂ©sentaient des condylomes Ă  l’inclusion ou lors d’une visite de suivi. Dix prĂ©sentaient des condylomes trĂšs dĂ©veloppĂ©s (multiples, volumineux, kĂ©ratosiques). Toutes prĂ©sentaient des condylomes au niveau pubien et vaginal. Deux TS prĂ©sentaient en plus des condylomes anaux.L’ñge des patientes variait entre 19 et 42 ans. L’anciennetĂ© dans le travail du sexe Ă©tait variable (entre 1 et 17 ans), mais la majoritĂ© (10) travaillait dans des maisons closes, signe d’un nombre Ă©levĂ© de clients.Une participante a Ă©tĂ© vue en clinique fixe. Elle a bĂ©nĂ©ficiĂ© d’un traitement local Ă  base de podophyllotoxine pour Ă©viter de multiples cicatrices, suivi d’une cryothĂ©rapie.Les dix autres cas ont Ă©tĂ© diagnostiquĂ©s en clinique mobile qui, pour des raisons logistiques, ne dispose pas d’un appareil de cryothĂ©rapie. Les participantes vues en cliniques mobiles ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©fĂ©rĂ©es vers laclinique fixe pour une prise en charge adĂ©quate. À ce jour, aucune ne s’y est encore prĂ©sentĂ©e, malgrĂ© des relances et le constat d’une extension du nombre de condylomes lors de visites de suivi.La clinique mobile disposant d’un appareil portatif de thermoablation pour la prise en charge des dysplasies du col (un dĂ©pistage annuel Ă©tant inclus), une thermoablation des condylomes a Ă©tĂ© essayĂ©e chez 6 TS pour lesquelles les condylomes Ă©taient de bonne taille. En effet, si les condylomes sont plus petits que la sonde d’ablation, il y a un risque d’abimer des tissus sains. Aucun effet n’a Ă©tĂ© constatĂ© immĂ©diatement aprĂšs la pose de la sonde, ni au cours des visites de suivi. Une TS s’est plainte de douleurs et de brĂ»lures persistantes au bout de deux semaines.ConclusionLes TS sont exposĂ©es aux condylomes ano-gĂ©nitaux et le diagnostic survient Ă  un stade avancĂ©. C’est une population difficile Ă  engager dans les soins et le rĂ©fĂ©rencement vers une clinique fixe ne fonctionne pas. Une solution de prise en charge sur site est donc essentielle. Les appareils de cryothĂ©rapie sont peu adaptĂ©s pour un camion mobile. La thermoablation ne fonctionne pas sur les condylomes. L’arrivĂ©e d’appareil portatif d’électrocoagulation pourrait ĂȘtre une solution. Elle sera testĂ©e en 2022 dans Princesse

    « La saletĂ© n’a qu’à descendre » : rapport au corps et expĂ©riences vĂ©cues par les travailleuses du sexe en CĂŽte d’Ivoire (projets ANRS 12361 PrEP-CI et ANRS 12381 PRINCESSE)

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    Objectifs : Analyser le rapport au corps de travailleuses du sexe (TS) enquĂȘtĂ©es en CĂŽte d’Ivoire dans la rĂ©gion de San Pedro. Leurs reprĂ©sentations d’un corps situĂ© Ă  la frontiĂšre des sphĂšres intime et professionnelle peut Ă©clairer leurs perceptions et l’acceptabilitĂ© des services de santĂ© qui leur sont proposĂ©s. MatĂ©riels et MĂ©thodes : Des entretiens qualitatifs ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©s, au sein de l’étude transversale PrEP-CI et du projet PRINCESSE qui a suivi (cohorte interventionnelle mono-bras avec offre Ă©largie en santĂ© sexuelle et reproductive, dont PrEP), en 3 vagues (2016, 2019, 2021) auprĂšs de 100 TS, complĂ©tĂ©s par des observations de terrain sur sites. RĂ©sultats : La notion de circulation des fluides et son importance dans le maintien d’un "Ă©quilibre" Ă©mergent des entretiens. Certaines TS expriment la crainte que les interventions de santĂ©, et en particulier les prises de sang, puissent affaiblir le corps, induire de la "fatigue", notamment si cela n’est pas contrebalancĂ© par l’ingestion de substances Ă©nergĂ©tiques, comme des boissons sucrĂ©es. Le nombre Ă©levĂ© de tubes de prĂ©lĂšvements sanguins et l’absence de collation (jusque mi 2021) sont mentionnĂ©s comme des freins Ă  l’engagement dans les soins. La notion de circulation renvoie Ă©galement Ă  l’expulsion de la "saletĂ©", comme sont souvent dĂ©finis le sperme ou les rĂšgles. Lors d’une rupture de prĂ©servatif, il n’est pas rare que les TS se "purgent" en nettoyant leur corps par l’ingestion de cola ou des lavements, ce qu’elles perçoivent comme plus efficace que la prise de comprimĂ©s (traitement IST ou post-exposition VIH, pilule du lendemain), qui reste exceptionnelle. Les TS sont souvent rĂ©ticentes Ă  utiliser les injections ou les implants contraceptifs, car les rĂšgles risquent de "rester" plutĂŽt que de "descendre" et d’ĂȘtre Ă©vacuĂ©es. À l’inverse, il s’agit parfois de bloquer la circulation des fluides. Les TS interrogĂ©es se "prĂ©servent" en utilisant des prĂ©servatifs avec leurs clients. Les rapports tarifĂ©s sans prĂ©servatif relĂšvent de l’exception, avec des clients rĂ©guliers ou Ă  des tarifs bien plus Ă©levĂ©s. Sa non-utilisation avec leur partenaire rĂ©gulier permet de diffĂ©rencier relation personnelle et professionnelle. Par ailleurs, la circulation des menstrues peut ĂȘtre temporairement suspendue, par du coton ou de la glace, le temps du travail. La PrEP, mĂ©dicament que l’on prend sans ĂȘtre malade, apparaĂźt pour certaines comme "fatigante" et "inutile", avec le risque de causer un dĂ©sĂ©quilibre dans un corps bien portant, bien qu’elle empĂȘche la maladie de "rentrer dans le corps". Conclusion : Ces analyses, qui seront complĂ©tĂ©es dĂ©but 2022 avec une enquĂȘte spĂ©cifique, montrent que les TS ont une approche de leur santĂ© et du soin de soi qui n’est pas forcĂ©ment celle pensĂ©e par l’équipe du projet. Le rapport au corps des TS Ă©claire les rĂ©ticences qu’elles peuvent exprimer quant aux diffĂ©rentes offres de santĂ©, pas toujours perçues comme adaptĂ©es, et explique en partie les freins Ă  l’entrĂ©e et au maintien dans les soins, confirmĂ©s par les donnĂ©es quantitatives
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