Irrigation with municipal wastewater as a suitable solution for safflower cultivation in arid regions

In order to study the effect of different manure and chemical fertilizer levels on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of safflower in the condition of irrigation with municipal wastewater, an experiment was conducted as split plot basis of randomized complete design in Lakhshah region locate in Zahedan city, Iran. The treatments were comprised of two levels of irrigation, W1= Well water and W2= Treated wastewater, in main plots and sub plots consisted of F1: control (without consumption of manure and chemical fertilizer), F2: Recommended manure, F3: Half of recommended manure and chemical fertilizer (N, P and K), and F4: Recommended chemical fertilizer (N, P and K). The results showed that Treatment of treated wastewater had a positive and significant influence on all yield components, and the most influence was shown on 1000 seed weight. Also, irrigation with wastewater significantly increases the dry and fresh yield and grain yield of safflower than ordinary water. Among the fertilizer treatments, complete treatment of chemical fertilizer N, P and K had the greatest effect on increase of yield and grain yield components. In this experiment, water treatment hadn’t significant effect on accumulation of Cr, pb, Fe and Mn in safflower grain, and soil. While, fertilizer treatment had only a significant influence on the accumulation of Fe and Mn in safflower grain, but between these treatments wasn’t saw any significant difference on the accumulation of Cr and pb. In general, the results of this experiment showed that irrigation with wastewater and application of complete fertilizer with manure is recommended

Importance of Hamoon Lake on Rural Development in Sistan Region

Abstract The importance of lakes in maintain ing agriculture, job and income creation, prevention of poverty and unemploy ment, and finally to decrease rural emigrat ion has made lake conservation inevitable. The present study , carried out in 2011, has aimed at investigation of devoting still alive Hamoon water to agricu lture sector and its role on the rural population remain ing. Furthermore analy zing immigration trend and population composition of Zabol (a fronter-situated city in southeast of Iran). Using linear (LP) and goal programming (GP) approaches with the aim of pertaining current emp loyment level o f local users of the area "Shib-E-Ab" and minimizing water consumption in shortage months (June, July and May), the optimal culturing pattern is proposed. On the other hand, it analyses the share of other inco me groups of Hamoon lake regional residents (including fish harvesters, bird hunters and livestock farmers) in Hamoon-resulted emp loyment and income. In fact, this research is exp ressing the role of live Hamoon in agricu lture maintenance, job and income creation and keeping of residents. The results suggests the negative effect of drought on keeping of residents and subsequently increasing of emigrants and growth of Afghani's (Afaghana) population. The present culturing pattern is not optimu m, so that its water demand exceeds water supply in majority of months. Therefore, using proposed pattern in addition to maintaining emp loy ment level and water limitat ions can achieve a higher inco me for local residents. Furthermore, living Hamoon may cause maintain ing occupation of other its users (fishermen, harvesters, bird hunters and livestock farmers), at the levels of 18524, 9430 and 1032 households respectively by moving fro m watery Hamoon to dry Hamoon. Finally, some strategies are proposed to improve these regional conditions

Effect of Using Different Levels Manure on Quality and Quantity of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) under Salt Stress Condition

To study the effects of using different levels manure under salt stress conditions on the quantity and quality of rosemary a field experiment is conducted in split plot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Zahedan during fall season of 2013-2014. The experimental treatments consisted of salinity with two levels (irrigating the field with drinking water of Zahedan [EC = 1.1 ds/m (S1)] and irrigating the field with salty water of Zahedan [EC = 4.4 ds/m (S2)] considered as the main factor and using manure with four levels (M1- without manure, M2- 15 t.ha-1, M3 - 30 t.ha-1 and M4 - 45 t.ha-1) as sub factor. Traits evaluated were plant height, leaf dry weight, leaf to stem ratio, shoot dry weight, percentage and yield of essence. Experimental results showed the salt stress did not affect significantly plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, biomass and essence of rosemary as comparied with drinking water (non-salinity), but a decreasing effect of saline water was observed. Using 45 t.ha-1 of manure, in comparison with other manure treatments, did have beneficial effect on most of the traits under study. However, no significant difference was observed between this treatment and with that of 30 t/ha. The simple correlation showed there is a positive and significant relationship between plant biomass and all other traits. The results also showed that there was positive and significant relationship between essence percentage and essence yield