Cold-Induced Urticaria: A Reality in Characterization

Introdução: A urticária ao frio (UF), habitualmente considerada como benigna e autolimitada, é muitas vezes não diagnosticada nem devidamente valorizada. No entanto, pode ser causa de reacção sistémica grave, potencialmente fatal. Objectivos e Métodos: De forma a aprofundar o conhecimento sobre esta patologia, avaliámos 16 doentes com UF, caracterizando a clínica, etiologia e duração da doença. Resultados: A média etária foi de 18,3 anos (7-54 anos), com predomínio de crianças com menos de 18 anos (63%) e do sexo masculino (62,5%). O início dos sintomas ocorreu entre os 3 e os 46 anos. Em 5 doentes foi adquirida tolerância, variando a duração da doença entre 2 e 7 anos (média de 3,8 anos). Nos 11 doentes que mantinham sintomas, o tempo médio da doença foi de 4,3 anos (1-9 anos). As queixas eram do tipo imediato em todos os doentes, ocorrendo sobretudo no decurso de actividades aquáticas, mas também com exposição a ar frio, chuva, neve, ingestão de alimentos frios e manipulação de objectos frios. O padrão clínico foi do tipo I (urticária/angioedema localizado) em 4 doentes, do tipo II (urticária/angioedema generalizado, sem hipotensão) em 6, e do tipo III (reacção sistémica grave) em 6 (dos quais 5 eram crianças). O teste do cubo de gelo foi positivo em todos os casos, à excepção de 2 casos de UF atípica. Na maioria dos doentes com padrão clínico tipo III, o teste foi positivo com ≤ 3 minutos de estimulação. A maioria dos casos(81%) correspondeu a UF adquirida idiopática, destacando-se 3 casos de UF adquirida secundária: 1 criança com crioglobulinémia primária e 2 com uma forma secundária a infecção por vírus Epstein-Barr. Nenhum doente tinha história familiar de UF. Em 3 doentes a UF associava-se a outra urticária física: urticária colinérgica (2) e urticária aquagénica (1). A melhoria sintomática foi obtida em todos os doentes com anti histamínicos (isoladamente ou em associação). Foi prescrito kit de adrenalina nos casos com padrão clínico tipo III. Conclusões: A UF adquirida idiopática foi o tipo mais frequente, destacando-se 3 casos raros de UF secundária, um a crioglobulinémia primária e dois a mononucleose infecciosa. A quantificação do resultado do teste do cubo de gelo revelou-se importante para a avaliação da gravidade da doença e para o seguimento do doente. A UF manifestou-se, num elevado número de doentes, por reacção sistémica grave, particularmente em crianças e durante actividades aquáticas, realçando a importância do reconhecimento desta entidade clínica

Sulfassalazine use in Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic Urticaria – Experience of an Outpatient Immunoallergy Clinic

Os autores apresentam seis casos clínicos de doentes com urticária crónica idiopática (UCI) que não respondiam à terapêutica anti-histamínica convencional, necessitando de corticoterapia sistémica frequente para controlar as queixas. Após várias tentativas com outras terapêuticas, foram medicados com sulfassalazina. Efectuou-se uma análise deste grupo de doentes, procurando estabelecer uma avaliação do risco-benefício para a utilização da sulfassalazina na UCI, concluindo-se favoravelmente da sua utilização. Apresenta-se uma breve revisão dos mecanismos de acção, efeitos adversos e cuidados na utilização da sulfassalazina

Barnacle Allergy: Allergen Characterization and Cross-Reactivity with Mites

Background: Barnacles are a type of seafood with worldwide distribution and abundant along the shores of temperate seas. They are particularly appreciated and regularly consumed in Portugal as well as in Spain, France and South America, but barnacle allergy is a rare condition of which there is only one reference in the indexed literature. The molecular allergens and possible cross-reactivity phenomena implicated (namely with mites) have not been established. Objective: To demonstrate the IgE-mediated allergy to barnacle and to identify the proteins implicated as well as possible cross-reactivity phenomena with mites. Methods: We report the clinical and laboratory data of five patients with documented IgE-mediated allergy to barnacle. The diagnosis was based on a suggestive clinical history combined with positive skin prick tests (SPT) to barnacle – prick to prick method. Two barnacle extracts were prepared (raw and cooked barnacle) and sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and IgE-immunoblotting were performed. An immunoblotting inhibition assay with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was also done in order to evaluate cross-reactivity. Results: All patients had mite-related asthma and the allergic rhinoconjunctivitis; they all experienced mucocutaneous symptoms. All of them had positive SPT to barnacle, and the immunoblotting showed several allergenic fractions with a wide molecular weight range (19 – 94 kDa). The D. pteronyssinus extract inhibited several IgE-binding protein fractions in the barnacle extract. Conclusions: We describe five patients with IgE-mediated barnacle allergy. We also describe a group of IgEbinding+ proteins between 30 and 75 kDa as the allergenic fractions of this type of Crustacea. Cross-reactivity with D. pteronyssinus was demonstrated in two cases

Different forms of application of moringa oleifera seeds in water treatment

Natural coagulants and filtration systems are suitable water treatment technologies in rural or isolated communities. This research aimed to compare two forms of application of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds. Coagulant liquid (10 mL L−1 at 2%) and pouches containing 0.8 g powder were used. The dispersion, coagulation and flocculation steps were performed prior to both up flow gravel pre-filtration and slow sand filtration. Significant differences were observed for the liquid coagulant and pouches regarding the reduction of turbidity and apparent color. Although the up flow gravel pre-filter was less effective with the use of pouches, with an average reduction of turbidity of 73.5 and 82.5% for the pouches and liquid coagulant, respectively, the effluent of the slow filter presented lower turbidity, with an average reduction of 83.9 and 60.1% for the pouches and liquid coagulant, respectively. Considering the filtration system (up flow gravel pre-filter and slow sand filter) the use of pouches showed high reduction of turbidity and apparent color. The preparation of pouches does not require the use of water, a condition that favors its application in areas with lack of water of acceptable quality.Coagulantes naturais e sistemas de filtração são tecnologias de tratamento de água, indicadas para comunidades rurais ou isoladas. Este estudo objetivou comparar duas formas de aplicação de coagulante extraído de sementes de Moringa oleifera. Utilizaram-s193266272FAPESP - FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO2010/09395-0Natural coagulants and filtration systems are suitable water treatment technologies in rural or isolated communities. This research aimed to compare two forms of application of coagulant extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds. Coagulant liquid (10 mL L-1

Impacts of urbanization on insect herbivory and plant defences in oak trees

Systematic comparisons of species interactions in urban versus rural environments can improve our understanding of shifts in ecological processes due to urbanization. However, such studies are relatively uncommon and the mechanisms driving urbanization effects on species interactions (e.g. between plants and insect herbivores) remain elusive. Here we investigated the effects of urbanization on leaf herbivory by insect chewers and miners associated with the English oak Quercus robur by sampling trees in rural and urban areas throughout most of the latitudinal distribution of this species. In performing these comparisons, we also controlled for the size of the urban areas (18 cities) and gathered data on CO emissions. In addition, we assessed whether urbanization affected leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) and nutritional traits (phosphorus and nitrogen), and whether such changes correlated with herbivory levels. Urbanization significantly reduced leaf chewer damage but did not affect leaf miners. In addition, we found that leaves from urban locations had lower levels of chemical defences (condensed and hydrolysable tannins) and higher levels of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) compared to leaves in rural locations. The magnitude of urbanization effects on herbivory and leaf defences was not contingent upon city size. Importantly, while the effects of urbanization on chemical defences were associated with CO emissions, changes in leaf chewer damage were not associated with either leaf traits or CO levels. These results suggest that effects of urbanization on herbivory occur through mechanisms other than changes in the plant traits measured here. Overall, our simultaneous assessment of insect herbivory, plant traits and abiotic correlates advances our understanding of the main drivers of urbanization effects on plant–herbivore interactions.This research was financially supported by a Spanish National Research Grant (AGL2015-70748-R), a Regional Government of Galicia Grant (IN607D 2016/001) and the Ramón y Cajal Research Programme (RYC-2013-13230).Peer reviewe

A Single CD8+ T Cell Epitope Sets the Long-Term Latent Load of a Murid Herpesvirus

The pathogenesis of persistent viral infections depends critically on long-term viral loads. Yet what determines these loads is largely unknown. Here, we show that a single CD8+ T cell epitope sets the long-term latent load of a lymphotropic gamma-herpesvirus, Murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4). The MuHV-4 M2 latency gene contains an H2-Kd -restricted T cell epitope, and wild-type but not M2− MuHV-4 was limited to very low level persistence in H2d mice. Mutating the epitope anchor residues increased viral loads and re-introducing the epitope reduced them again. Like the Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus K1, M2 shows a high frequency of non-synonymous mutations, suggesting that it has been selected for epitope loss. In vivo competition experiments demonstrated directly that epitope presentation has a major impact on viral fitness. Thus, host MHC class I and viral epitope expression interact to set the long-term virus load

Impacts of urbanization on insect herbivory and plant defences in oak trees

Systematic comparisons of species interactions in urban versus rural environments can improve our understanding of shifts in ecological processes due to urbanization. However, such studies are relatively uncommon and the mechanisms driving urbanization effects on species interactions (e.g. between plants and insect herbivores) remain elusive. Here we investigated the effects of urbanization on leaf herbivory by insect chewers and miners associated with the English oak Quercus robur by sampling trees in rural and urban areas throughout most of the latitudinal distribution of this species. In performing these comparisons, we also controlled for the size of the urban areas (18 cities) and gathered data on CO 2 emissions. In addition, we assessed whether urbanization affected leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) and nutritional traits (phosphorus and nitrogen), and whether such changes correlated with herbivory levels. Urbanization significantly reduced leaf chewer damage but did not affect leaf miners. In addition, we found that leaves from urban locations had lower levels of chemical defences (condensed and hydrolysable tannins) and higher levels of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) compared to leaves in rural locations. The magnitude of urbanization effects on herbivory and leaf defences was not contingent upon city size. Importantly, while the effects of urbanization on chemical defences were associated with CO 2 emissions, changes in leaf chewer damage were not associated with either leaf traits or CO 2 levels. These results suggest that effects of urbanization on herbivory occur through mechanisms other than changes in the plant traits measured here. Overall, our simultaneous assessment of insect herbivory, plant traits and abiotic correlates advances our understanding of the main drivers of urbanization effects on plant–herbivore interactions.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Conhecimentos sobre prevenção da SIDA entre profissionais e acadêmicos da área de saúde

Este estudo exploratório foi realizado pelas alunas e alunos da Disciplina de Enfermagem nas Doenças Transmissíveis. Foram analisadas as respostas de 52 questionários distribuídos entre acadêmicos de enfermagem, de medicina, médicos, dentistas, enfermeiros e auxiliares de enfermagem que assistem pacientes com SIDA e enfermeiros que não assistem pacientes com SIDA. Estes questionários versaram sobre medidas de prevenção da transmissão sexual, normal de biossegurança, testes diagnósticos, direitos do paciente e do trabalhador e alterações no atendimento aos portadores desta patologia.This work is a exploratory research based on the analysis of the answers to the questionaires of 52 students and health care professionals knowledge about AIDS sexual prevention, biossecurity, diagnosis tests, patients and workers rights and the modifications of nursing and medica/ care to this kind of diseaseTrata se de un estudio exploratório acerca del conocimiento de la prevención de la SIDA, normas de seguridad biológica, pruebas diagnósticas, derechos de /os enfermos y trabajadores con SIDA y de esa mfermedad. Fueron analizados las respuestas de 52 cuestionários de estudientes de enfermería, nédicos, odontólogos, enfermeras y ajudantes de enfermería

A global phylogeny of butterflies reveals their evolutionary history, ancestral hosts and biogeographic origins

Butterflies are a diverse and charismatic insect group that are thought to have evolved with plants and dispersed throughout the world in response to key geological events. However, these hypotheses have not been extensively tested because a comprehensive phylogenetic framework and datasets for butterfly larval hosts and global distributions are lacking. We sequenced 391 genes from nearly 2,300 butterfly species, sampled from 90 countries and 28 specimen collections, to reconstruct a new phylogenomic tree of butterflies representing 92% of all genera. Our phylogeny has strong support for nearly all nodes and demonstrates that at least 36 butterfly tribes require reclassification. Divergence time analyses imply an origin similar to 100 million years ago for butterflies and indicate that all but one family were present before the K/Pg extinction event. We aggregated larval host datasets and global distribution records and found that butterflies are likely to have first fed on Fabaceae and originated in what is now the Americas. Soon after the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum, butterflies crossed Beringia and diversified in the Palaeotropics. Our results also reveal that most butterfly species are specialists that feed on only one larval host plant family. However, generalist butterflies that consume two or more plant families usually feed on closely related plants