Caracterização química e propriedades antioxidantes de amostras de lepista nuda (Bull.) obtidas por cultura in vitro e in vivo em diferentes habitats

O macrofungo Lepista nuda (Bull), também conhecido como Clitocybe nuda, pertence ao filo Basidiomycota, à classe Basidiomycetes, à ordem Agaricales, à família Tricholomataceae e ao género Lepista, e tem como nome comum “pé-azul”. Trata-se de um fungo comestível saprófita/decompositor com muito interesse comercial devido, não só, ao seu valor nutricional, mas também ao seu aroma intenso e característico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a composição química e o potencial antioxidante de amostras de Lepista nuda provenientes de diferentes habitats do Nordeste de Portugal (corpos frutíferos silvestres provenientes de carvalhal e pinhal, e comerciais), e do micélio obtido por cultura in vitro a partir dos corpos frutíferos provenientes de prado e comerciais, usando cinco meios de cultura diferentes. Pretendeu-se, ainda, analisar efeitos de condições de stresse, relativamente à temperatura, no crescimento do micélio. Na determinação da composição química, deu-se especial atenção aos voláteis, ácidos gordos, açúcares, ácidos orgânicos, compostos fenólicos e tocoferóis. Na avaliação das propriedades antioxidantes determinou-se o poder redutor, o efeito captador de radicais livres e a inibição da peroxidase lipídica em homogeneizados cerebrais. .Verificou-se que o micélio apresentou um maior crescimento radial e de massa no meio MMN completo. Por outro lado, o micélio obtido a partir da amostra comercial cresceu com maior rapidez em relação ao obtido a partir da amostra proveniente de prado; mas foi o micélio obtido a partir dessa amostra que teve uma maior produção de massa. Nas condições de stresse, o fungo sujeito a altas temperaturas, só cresceu em meio PACH; já a baixas temperaturas, cresceu em todos os meios de cultura testados. Os compostos voláteis dos cogumelos têm sido pouco estudados, embora eles contribuam significativamente para o sabor e propriedades organoléticas destas espécies. Foram identificados 22 componentes voláteis nas amostras comerciais e silvestres provenientes de carvalhal e pinhal, constituindo 84-94% da fração volátil. As diferenças entre os voláteis das amostras silvestres e comercial foram principalmente quantitativas. O linalol (17-26%), a pulegona (12-14%) e limoneno (10-11%) foram os três principais componentes em todas as amostras. A grande diferença foi observada na percentagem de 2-pentilfurano, presente em pequena quantidade nas amostras silvestres (2% e 5% nas amostras provenientes de carvalhal e pinhal, respetivamente), mas em quantidade considerável na amostra comercial (15%), sendo o segundo componente maioritário. Os compostos C8 são voláteis ubíquos entre fungos e responsáveis pelo seu aroma; o 1-octen-3-ol tem sido descrito como o mais abundante. No entanto, no presente estudo, este composto foi detetado em pequenas quantidades em todas as amostras (2%), tendo sido o linalool, o limoneno e pulegona os componentes principais nas amostras em estudo. A amostra comercial revelou a maior contribuição energética, maior conteúdo de PUFA, devido à contribuição de ácido linoleico, e também maior concentração de compostos fenólicos. A amostra silvestre de carvalhal deu os maiores níveis de ácidos orgânicos. As amostras de micélio mostraram ter níveis mais elevados de glucose, tocoferóis e maior atividade antioxidante. Particularmente, o meio de cultura PACH provou ser melhor para a produção de glucose, os meios de cultura PDA, PACH e FAD para β e -tocoferóis, o meio de cultura MMN completo para compostos fenólicos e o meio de cultura MMN incompleto para as propriedades antioxidantes. No geral, a cultura in vitro poderia ser explorada para obtenção de compostos bioativos de macrofungos para aplicações industriais, no controlo das condições ambientais para produzir maiores quantidades desses compostos e com o intuito de superar a diversidade na composição química observada em amostras recolhidas em diferentes habitats.The macrofungi Lepista nuda (Bull), also known as Clitocybe nude belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota, class Basidiomycetes, order Agaricales, family Tricholomataceae and gender Lepista, and has the common name "blewit". It is an edible saprophytic/decomposer fungus with high commercial interest due not only to its nutritional value, but also to its intense and characteristic aroma. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of samples of Lepista nuda from different habitats in the Northeast of Portugal (commercial and wild fruiting bodies from oak and pine forests), and of the mycelium obtained by in vitro culture from commercial and meadow wild fruiting bodies, using five different culture media. Furthermore, the effects of stress conditions related to temperature, on mycelia growth were also evaluated. In the chemical composition evaluation, particular attention was given to the determination of volatile compounds, fatty acids, sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and tocopherols. Regarding the antioxidant properties, reducing power, free radical scavenging effects and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates were evaluated. Mycelium cultured in solid complete Melin-Norkans medium showed the highest growth and radial mass. Otherwise, the mycelium obtained from commercial sample grew faster compared to the one obtained from wild meadow samples, but it was the mycelium obtained from this sample that gave the highest mass production. Under conditions of stress with high temperatures, the fungi only grew in medium PACH; applying low temperatures, mycelia grown in all the tested culture media. Volatile compounds from mushrooms have been little studied, although they contribute significantly to the flavour and organoleptic properties of these species. Twenty two volatile components were identified in the commercial and wild samples (obtained from oak and pine forests), constituting 84-94% of the volatile fraction. The differences between the commercial and wild samples volatiles were mostly in quantities. Linalool (17-26%), pulegone (12-14%) and limonene (10-11%) were the main components in all the samples. The major difference was observed in the percentage of 2-pentylfuran, present in small amounts in wild samples (2% and 5% in samples from oak and pine forests, respectively), but in considerable amounts in the commercial sample (15%), being the second main compound. C8 compounds are ubiquitous volatiles in fungi and have been pointed out as responsible for their aroma; 1-octen-3-ol has been described as the most abundant. However, in this study, this compound was detected in small amounts in all the samples (2%); linalool, limonene and pulegone were the major components in the analyzed samples. The commercial sample (cultivated) gave the highest energetic contribution and PUFA contents due to the contribution of linoleic acid, as also of phenolic compounds; the wild sample from oak forest gave the highest levels of organic acids. Mycelia samples showed to have higher levels of glucose, tocopherols and antioxidant activity. Particularly, PACH medium proved to be better for glucose production, PDA, PACH and FAD for β- and -tocopherols, complete MMN for phenolic compounds and incomplete MMN for antioxidant properties Overall, in vitro culture could be explored to obtain bioactive compounds from macro fungi for industrial applications, controlling environmental conditions to produce higher amounts of these compounds and to overcome the diversity in chemical composition observed in samples collected in different habitat

Chemical characterization and antioxidant properties of Lepista nuda fruiting bodies and mycelia obtained by in vitro culture: effects of collection habitat and culture media

Lepista nuda is an edible mushroom which presents important organoleptic qualities including a delicate flavor and good postharvest conservation. Its chemical and bioactive properties can be affected by habitat collection. Therefore, the main goal of the present work was to compare chemical composition and antioxidant potential of Lepista nuda samples from different habitats, and mycelia produced by in vitro culture, using different culture media. The commercial sample (cultivated) gave the highest levels of energy, polyunsaturated fatty acids (due to the contribution of linoleic acid) and phenolic compounds; the wild sample from oak forest gave the highest levels of organic acids. Mycelia samples showed higher levels of glucose, tocopherols and antioxidant activity. Particularly, PACH (Pachlewski medium) proved to be better for glucose production, PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar medium), PACH and FAD (Ferry & Das medium) for β- and γ-tocopherols, complete MMN (Melin-Norkans medium) for phenolic compounds and incomplete MMN for antioxidant properties. Overall, in vitro culture could be explored to obtain bioactive compounds from macrofungi for industrial applications, controlling environmental conditions to produce higher amounts of these compounds and to overcome the diversity in chemical composition observed in samples collected in different habitats.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) and COMPETE/QREN/EU for financial support to this work (research project PTDC/AGR-ALI/110062/2009) and to CIMO (strategic project PEst-OE/AGR/UI0690/2011). L. Barros also thanks to FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE for her grant (SFRH/BPD/4609/2008)

Indicadores de cobertura vacinal/taxa de abandono nas capitais da região norte do Brasil: um desafio a educação popular em saúde na perspectiva da Atenção Primária / Indicators of vaccination coverage/ dropout rate in the capitals of the northern region of Brazil: a challenge to popular education in health from the perspective of Primary Health Care

Instituído pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS), o Programa Nacional de Imunização (PNI) foi elencado para cumprir os objetivos da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), e controlar principalmente o sarampo, tuberculose, difteria, tétano, coqueluche, poliomielite e manter até então, a já erradicada varíola. Este estudo objetivou-se em discutir sob a perspectiva da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) os desafios da cobertura vacinal nas capitais da região norte do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico, descritivo, com abordagens quantiqualitativa. A pesquisa incluiu os 6 milhões de habitantes residentes das sete capitais dos estados que compõem a região norte do país, analisados sob a perspectiva da cobertura vacinal/taxa de abandono. Quanto a cobertura vacinal em relação ao índice populacional, nota-se maior abrangência em Palmas (TO), onde os índices na média comparativa entre os dois anos pesquisados encontraram-se em 74,30% e a maior taxa de abandono vacinal em Macapá (AP), 42,26%. Ressalta-se a importância da educação popular em saúde, principalmente na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), principal porta dos usuários aos serviços disponibilizados pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). 

Goodbye Hartmann trial: a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study on the current use of a surgical procedure developed a century ago

Background: Literature suggests colonic resection and primary anastomosis (RPA) instead of Hartmann's procedure (HP) for the treatment of left-sided colonic emergencies. We aim to evaluate the surgical options globally used to treat patients with acute left-sided colonic emergencies and the factors that leading to the choice of treatment, comparing HP and RPA. Methods: This is a prospective, international, multicenter, observational study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov. A total 1215 patients with left-sided colonic emergencies who required surgery were included from 204 centers during the period of March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2020. with a 1-year follow-up. Results: 564 patients (43.1%) were females. The mean age was 65.9 ± 15.6 years. HP was performed in 697 (57.3%) patients and RPA in 384 (31.6%) cases. Complicated acute diverticulitis was the most common cause of left-sided colonic emergencies (40.2%), followed by colorectal malignancy (36.6%). Severe complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥ 3b) were higher in the HP group (P < 0.001). 30-day mortality was higher in HP patients (13.7%), especially in case of bowel perforation and diffused peritonitis. 1-year follow-up showed no differences on ostomy reversal rate between HP and RPA. (P = 0.127). A backward likelihood logistic regression model showed that RPA was preferred in younger patients, having low ASA score (≤ 3), in case of large bowel obstruction, absence of colonic ischemia, longer time from admission to surgery, operating early at the day working hours, by a surgeon who performed more than 50 colorectal resections. Conclusions: After 100 years since the first Hartmann's procedure, HP remains the most common treatment for left-sided colorectal emergencies. Treatment's choice depends on patient characteristics, the time of surgery and the experience of the surgeon. RPA should be considered as the gold standard for surgery, with HP being an exception

Robust estimation of bacterial cell count from optical density

Optical density (OD) is widely used to estimate the density of cells in liquid culture, but cannot be compared between instruments without a standardized calibration protocol and is challenging to relate to actual cell count. We address this with an interlaboratory study comparing three simple, low-cost, and highly accessible OD calibration protocols across 244 laboratories, applied to eight strains of constitutive GFP-expressing E. coli. Based on our results, we recommend calibrating OD to estimated cell count using serial dilution of silica microspheres, which produces highly precise calibration (95.5% of residuals <1.2-fold), is easily assessed for quality control, also assesses instrument effective linear range, and can be combined with fluorescence calibration to obtain units of Molecules of Equivalent Fluorescein (MEFL) per cell, allowing direct comparison and data fusion with flow cytometry measurements: in our study, fluorescence per cell measurements showed only a 1.07-fold mean difference between plate reader and flow cytometry data

Genetic mechanisms of critical illness in COVID-19.

Host-mediated lung inflammation is present1, and drives mortality2, in the critical illness caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Host genetic variants associated with critical illness may identify mechanistic targets for therapeutic development3. Here we report the results of the GenOMICC (Genetics Of Mortality In Critical Care) genome-wide association study in 2,244 critically ill patients with COVID-19 from 208 UK intensive care units. We have identified and replicated the following new genome-wide significant associations: on chromosome 12q24.13 (rs10735079, P = 1.65 × 10-8) in a gene cluster that encodes antiviral restriction enzyme activators (OAS1, OAS2 and OAS3); on chromosome 19p13.2 (rs74956615, P = 2.3 × 10-8) near the gene that encodes tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2); on chromosome 19p13.3 (rs2109069, P = 3.98 ×  10-12) within the gene that encodes dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9); and on chromosome 21q22.1 (rs2236757, P = 4.99 × 10-8) in the interferon receptor gene IFNAR2. We identified potential targets for repurposing of licensed medications: using Mendelian randomization, we found evidence that low expression of IFNAR2, or high expression of TYK2, are associated with life-threatening disease; and transcriptome-wide association in lung tissue revealed that high expression of the monocyte-macrophage chemotactic receptor CCR2 is associated with severe COVID-19. Our results identify robust genetic signals relating to key host antiviral defence mechanisms and mediators of inflammatory organ damage in COVID-19. Both mechanisms may be amenable to targeted treatment with existing drugs. However, large-scale randomized clinical trials will be essential before any change to clinical practice

Educomunicação, Transformação Social e Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Esta publicação apresenta os principais trabalhos dos GTs do II Congresso Internacional de Comunicação e Educação nos temas Transformação social, com os artigos que abordam principalmente Educomunicação e/ou Mídia-Educação, no contexto de políticas de diversidade, inclusão e equidade; e, em Desenvolvimento Sustentável os artigos que abordam os avanços da relação comunicação/educação no contexto da educação ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável

Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults

Background Underweight and obesity are associated with adverse health outcomes throughout the life course. We estimated the individual and combined prevalence of underweight or thinness and obesity, and their changes, from 1990 to 2022 for adults and school-aged children and adolescents in 200 countries and territories. Methods We used data from 3663 population-based studies with 222 million participants that measured height and weight in representative samples of the general population. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in the prevalence of different BMI categories, separately for adults (age ≥20 years) and school-aged children and adolescents (age 5–19 years), from 1990 to 2022 for 200 countries and territories. For adults, we report the individual and combined prevalence of underweight (BMI <18·5 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). For schoolaged children and adolescents, we report thinness (BMI <2 SD below the median of the WHO growth reference) and obesity (BMI >2 SD above the median). Findings From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity in adults decreased in 11 countries (6%) for women and 17 (9%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 that the observed changes were true decreases. The combined prevalence increased in 162 countries (81%) for women and 140 countries (70%) for men with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. In 2022, the combined prevalence of underweight and obesity was highest in island nations in the Caribbean and Polynesia and Micronesia, and countries in the Middle East and north Africa. Obesity prevalence was higher than underweight with posterior probability of at least 0·80 in 177 countries (89%) for women and 145 (73%) for men in 2022, whereas the converse was true in 16 countries (8%) for women, and 39 (20%) for men. From 1990 to 2022, the combined prevalence of thinness and obesity decreased among girls in five countries (3%) and among boys in 15 countries (8%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80, and increased among girls in 140 countries (70%) and boys in 137 countries (69%) with a posterior probability of at least 0·80. The countries with highest combined prevalence of thinness and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents in 2022 were in Polynesia and Micronesia and the Caribbean for both sexes, and Chile and Qatar for boys. Combined prevalence was also high in some countries in south Asia, such as India and Pakistan, where thinness remained prevalent despite having declined. In 2022, obesity in school-aged children and adolescents was more prevalent than thinness with a posterior probability of at least 0·80 among girls in 133 countries (67%) and boys in 125 countries (63%), whereas the converse was true in 35 countries (18%) and 42 countries (21%), respectively. In almost all countries for both adults and school-aged children and adolescents, the increases in double burden were driven by increases in obesity, and decreases in double burden by declining underweight or thinness. Interpretation The combined burden of underweight and obesity has increased in most countries, driven by an increase in obesity, while underweight and thinness remain prevalent in south Asia and parts of Africa. A healthy nutrition transition that enhances access to nutritious foods is needed to address the remaining burden of underweight while curbing and reversing the increase in obesit

Caracterização da fracção volátil e fenólica de amostras de Lepista nuda obtidas in vivo em diferentes habitats e por cultura in vitro.

O macrofungo Lepista nuda, também conhecido como Clitocybe nuda, pertencente ao filo Basidiomycota, à classe Basidiomycetes, à ordem Agaricale, à família Tricholomataceae e ao género Lepista, e tem como nome comum “Pé-azul”. Encontrase habitualmente em montados, prados e florestas naturais, azinheiras e sobreiros, o seu período de frutificação é no Outono, Inverno e Primavera; sabe-se também que é saprófita/decompositor. É um fungo comestível, o que lhe confere um interesse comercial devido não só, ao seu valor nutricional, mas também ao seu intenso e característico aroma a funcho