Contemporary preclinical human models of adrenocortical carcinoma

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon and heterogeneous disease and may present differently in children and adults. Management of ACC is dependent on disease stage and complete surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment. The first and most extensively used adrenocortical cancer cell line, as model system to examine mechanisms controlling normal and pathologic function of adrenal cortex, was initially isolated in 1980. Although NCI-H295 maintained steroid capabilities and adrenocortical characteristics, the lack of new cell lines and animal models of ACC has hampered the progress and development of new therapies. In this review we provide description of cellular and patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) models of ACC generated for the elucidation of the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and preclinical functional studies for this aggressive disease

Ausência da perda de heterozigose do PRKAR1A em células capturadas por microdissecção a laser de tecido de nódulo pigmentoso adrenocortical de um paciente com complexo de Carney causado por uma nova mutação nonsense

OBJECTIVE: Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is the main endocrine manifestation of Carney complex, a multiple neoplasia syndrome caused by PRKAR1A gene mutations. The presence of PRKAR1A loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in adrenocortical tumorigenesis remains controversial. The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of PRKAR1A LOH in adrenocortical cells in a patient with Carney complex. METHODS: The LOH was investigated using a PRKAR1A informative intragenic marker by GeneScan software analysis in DNA obtained from laser-captured microdissected cells of several adrenal nodules. Patients: A young adult male patient with Carney complex and his family were studied. RESULTS: A novel heterozygous mutation (p. Y21X) was identified at PRKAR1A in blood DNA of the male proband and his relatives. No PRKAR1A LOH was evidenced in the laser-captured microdissected cells from PPNAD tissue by different methodologies. CONCLUSION: We identified a new PRKAR1A nonsense mutation and in addition we did not evidence PRKAR1A LOH in laser-captured nodules cells, suggesting that adrenocortical tumorigenesis in PPNAD may occurs apart from the second hit.OBJETIVO: A doença adrenocortical nodular pigmentosa primária (PPNAD) é uma das manifestações do complexo de Carney, uma neoplasia endócrina múltipla causada por mutações no PRKAR1A. A perda de heterozigose (LOH) do PRKAR1A na tumorigenese adrenal permanece controversa dada à possibilidade de contaminação com o tecido normal. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a presença de LOH no PRKAR1A a partir de células do nódulo adrenal de um paciente com complexo de Carney. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa da LOH do PRKAR1A foi realizada através do estudo de um marcador intragênico em DNA de células do nódulo adrenal microdissecadas a laser, evitando contaminação com o tecido normal. Pacientes: Um paciente com PPNAD e cinco familiares foram estudados. RESULTADOS: A nova mutação (p. Y21X) foi identificada no PRKAR1A sem evidência de LOH no tecido adrenal. CONCLUSÃO: Identificamos uma nova mutação no PRKAR1A e não evidenciamos LOH nas células dos nódulos adrenocorticais, sugerindo que a PPNAD possa ocorrer na ausência de um segundo evento molecular

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor overexpression in adrenocortical hyperplasia in MEN1 syndrome without loss of heterozygosity at the 11q13 locus

BACKGROUND: The molecular mechanisms involved in the genesis of the adrenocortical lesions seen in MEN1 syndrome (ACL-MEN1) remain poorly understood; loss of heterozygosity at 11q13 and somatic mutations of MEN1 are not usually found in these lesions. Thus, additional genes must be involved in MEN1 adrenocortical disorders. Overexpression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor has been shown to promote adrenocortical tumorigenesis in a mice model and has also been associated with ACTH-independent Cushing syndrome in humans. However, to our knowledge, the status of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor expression in adrenocortical lesions in MEN1 has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor expression in adrenocortical hyperplasia associated with MEN1 syndrome. MATERIALS/METHODS: Three adrenocortical tissue samples were obtained from patients with previously known MEN1 germline mutations and in whom the presence of a second molecular event (a new MEN1 somatic mutation or an 11q13 loss of heterozygosity) had been excluded. The expression of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor was quantified by qPCR using the DDCT method, and b-actin was used as an endogenous control. RESULTS: The median of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor expression in the adrenocortical lesions associated with MEN1 syndrome was 2.6-fold (range 1.2 to 4.8) higher than the normal adrenal controls (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The current study represents the first investigation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor expression in adrenocortical lesions without 11q13 loss of heterozygosity in MEN1 syndrome patients. Although we studied a limited number of cases of MEN1 adrenocortical lesions retrospectively, our preliminary data suggest an involvement of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor overexpression in the etiology of adrenocortical hyperplasia. New prospective studies will be able to clarify the exact role of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor in the molecular pathogenesis of MEN1 adrenocortical lesions

Osteoblastoma clássico, osteoblastoma atípico e osteossarcoma: um estudo comparativo baseado em parâmetros clínicos, histológicos e biológicos

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biological behavior of classical and atypical osteoblastomas in comparison to osteosarcomas. METHODS: Based on histological parameters, 30 osteoblastomas were subclassified as classical osteoblastomas (23/30) or atypical osteoblastoma (high cellularity, prominent blue osteoid, and epithelioid osteoblasts-7/30). Comparative immunohistochemical and clinical analysis was performed in 17 cases of patients with high-grade osteosarcoma. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue was immunostained for p53 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen. Tumors with positive p53 stain underwent molecular analyses for fragments of exon 10. RESULTS: The mean proliferating cell nuclear antigen indexes for classical osteoblastoma, atypical osteoblastoma, and osteosarcoma were 33%, 61%, and 79%, respectively. The atypical subgroup showed similar results to those of the osteosarcoma group (P ; 40 (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: These results validate atypical osteoblastoma as an entity, with p53 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen immunoexpression closer to that of osteosarcoma than of classical osteoblastoma. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index and p53 may be useful predictors of recurrence.OBJETIVOS: Investigar o comportamento biológico de osteoblastomas clássicos e atípicos comparados com osteossarcomas. MÉTODOS: Com base em parâmetros histológicos classificamos um grupo de 30 osteoblastomas nos subgrupos de osteoblastomas clássicos (23/30) e de osteoblastomas atípicos (que apresentam como característica grande celularidade, osteóide azul proeminente e osteoblastos epitelióide-7/30). Como efeito de comparação dos resultados imunohistoquímicos e análise clínica, avaliamos 17 pacientes com osteosarcoma de grau avançado. Os cortes histológicos com bloco de parafina fixado em formalina foram imunocorados para p53 e antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação. Tumores com coloração positiva para p53 tiveram análise molecular para fragmentos do exon 10. RESULTADOS: O índice médio de antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação para osteoblastoma clássico, osteoblastoma atípico e osteosarcoma foram de 33%, 61% e 79%, respectivamente. O subgrupo atípico demonstrou resultados similares aos dos osteosarcomas (p; 40 (p=0,015). CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados validam os osteoblastomas atípicos como entidade real, com imunoexpressão das proteínas p53 e antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação mais perto do osteosarcoma do que do osteoblastoma clássico. O índice de marcação pelo antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação e o p53 podem ser úteis fatores de prognóstico da recorrência

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Presence of the mutation Arg337His of the tumor suppressor P53 and deletion mapping of chromosome 17 in children and adults with adrenocortical tumors

A incidência dos tumores adrenocorticais na região sul do Brasil é 10-15 vezes maior que a incidência mundial. Mutações no gene supressor tumoral p53, localizado na região 17p13.1 têm sido identificadas em diversos tumores humanos. Uma distinta mutação germinativa, Arg337His, localizada no domínio de tetramerização da proteína supressora tumoral P53 foi identificada em 35 de 36 crianças da região sul do Brasil. No presente trabalho, investigamos a presença da mutação Arg337His em 71 pacientes não relacionados, 41 adultos e 30 crianças, portadores de tumores adrenocorticais benignos e malignos. Adicionalmente, análise de perda de heterozigose do locus p53, mapa de deleção do cromossomo 17 e instabilidade cromossômica foram estudados em DNA genômico destes pacientes. Nenhum dos pacientes estudados apresentava histórico familial compatível com a síndrome de Li-Fraumeni. Sequenciamento automático permitiu a identificação da mutação Arg337His, em DNA extraído a partir de sangue periférico e/ou tecido tumoral, em 29 (24 crianças e 5 adultos) dos 71 pacientes. Nas 10 famílias em que foi possível analisar o DNA genômico de ambos os pais verificamos que a mutação Arg337His tem caráter hereditário. Por outro lado, esta mutação não foi encontrada em DNA de 160 indivíduos do grupo controle, não relacionados, analisados por sequenciamento automático e/ou digestão enzimática. A análise pareada de DNA gênomico de sangue periférico e de tecido tumoral revelou perda de heterozigose para o locus p53 em 18 de 21 (86%) pacientes portadores da mutação Arg337His. Não observamos correlação entre a presença desta mutação e o comportamento maligno dos tumores. O estudo de dois marcadores polimórficos intragênicos do p53, pelo programa de análise de tamanho de fragmento GeneScan, evidenciou um mesmo haplótipo associado à mutação Arg337His em 91% dos pacientes com tumores adrenocorticais, configurando uma origem comum para esta mutação. O estudo de 6 marcadores polimórficos ao longo do cromossomo 17 (D17S926, VNTRP53, D17S1856, D17S942, D17S1351 e D17S928) em DNA genômico pareado de 29 pacientes demonstrou uma freqüência elevada (81%) de perda do cromossomo 17 em associação à mutação Arg337His. Não observamos correlação entre a perda do cromossomo 17 e a agressividade tumoral nestes pacientes. Instabilidade cromossômica envolvendo os cromossomos 2, 9 e 11 nos 17 pacientes que perderam o cromossomo 17 foi identificada em 47%, 47% e 71%, respectivamente. Perda dos cromossomos 2 e 11 foi evidenciada em tumores benignos e malignos. A perda do cromossomo 9 foi evidenciada exclusivamente nos tumores malignos, assim como a perda concomitante de 3 ou mais cromossomos. Em conclusão, confirmamos uma freqüência elevada da mutação Arg337His em crianças brasileiras com tumores adrenocorticais benignos e malignos. Esta mutação também foi encontrada no grupo de adultos, embora em menor freqüência. Não houve correlação entre sua presença e o comportamento maligno dos tumores adrenocorticais. Efeito fundador para a mutação Arg337His e inativação bialélica do p53, caracterizada pela presença da mutação Arg337His e a perda do cromossomo 17 foram demonstradas na maioria dos casos analisados. Finalmente, a instabilidade cromossômica envolvendo três ou mais cromossomos contribuiu para o diagnóstico de carcinoma adrenocorticalThe incidence of adrenocortical tumors in the South region of Brazil is 10 to 15 times higher than the worldwide one. Mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 gene, located in chromosome 17p13.1, have been described in different human tumors. A germline mutation, Arg337His, in the tetramerization domain of the tumor suppressor P53 was identified in 35 of 36 children from the South region of Brazil. In the present study we have searched for Arg337His mutation in genomic DNA of 71 non-related patients, 41 adults and 30 children, with benign or malignant adrenocortical tumors. Additionally, we also analyzed the loss of heterozigosity of p53 locus, deletion mapping of chromosome 17 and chromosome instability, in genomic DNA of these patients. None of the patients had a familial history of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Automatic sequencing identified the Arg337His mutation in genomic DNA from peripheral leukocytes and/or tumor tissues in 29 (24 children and 5 adults) of these 71 patients. In 10 families in which the study of both parent\'s DNA was possible, the Arg337His mutation was inherited from one of the parents. Sequencing analysis and/or enzymatic restriction showed that this mutation was not present in DNA of 160 non-related control subjects. Paired analysis of genomic DNA of peripheral leukocytes and tumor tissue revealed loss of heterozigosity of p53 locus in 18/21 (86%) patients with Arg337His mutation. There was no correlation between the presence of this mutation and the malignant behavior of these tumors. The study of two intragenic polymorphic markers of p53 through GeneScan software showed the association of the same haplotype with the Arg337His mutation in 91% of patients with adrenocortical tumors, indicating a common origin of this mutation. The study of 6 polymorphic markers along chromosome 17 (D17S926, VNTRP53, D17S1856, D17S942, D17S1351, D17S928) in paired genomic DNA of 29 patients showed an increased frequency (81%) of chromosome 17 loss in association with the presence of the Arg337His mutation. We did not observe any correlation between the loss of chromosome 17 and aggressive tumor behavior in these patients. In the 17 patients who lost chromosome 17, chromosome instability of chromosomes 2, 9 and 11 was identified in 47%, 47% e 71%, respectively. Loss of chromosomes 2 and 11 was observed in benign and malignant tumors, whereas the loss of chromosome 9 was observed exclusively on malignant tumors. Similarly, the concomitant loss of 3 or more chromosomes was only observed in malignant tumors. In conclusion we confirmed an increased frequency of Arg337His mutation in Brazilian children with benign or malignant adrenocortical tumors. This mutation was also found in the adult group, although at a lower frequency. There was no correlation between the presence of the mutation and the malignant behavior of adrenocortical tumor. We demonstrated a founder effect for this mutation and also a biallelic inactivation of p53 characterized by the presence of the Arg337His mutation and the loss of chromosome 17 in most of the cases studied. Finally, chromosome instability involving 3 or more chromosomes contributed for the diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma in thes

Presence of the mutation Arg337His of the tumor suppressor P53 and deletion mapping of chromosome 17 in children and adults with adrenocortical tumors

A incidência dos tumores adrenocorticais na região sul do Brasil é 10-15 vezes maior que a incidência mundial. Mutações no gene supressor tumoral p53, localizado na região 17p13.1 têm sido identificadas em diversos tumores humanos. Uma distinta mutação germinativa, Arg337His, localizada no domínio de tetramerização da proteína supressora tumoral P53 foi identificada em 35 de 36 crianças da região sul do Brasil. No presente trabalho, investigamos a presença da mutação Arg337His em 71 pacientes não relacionados, 41 adultos e 30 crianças, portadores de tumores adrenocorticais benignos e malignos. Adicionalmente, análise de perda de heterozigose do locus p53, mapa de deleção do cromossomo 17 e instabilidade cromossômica foram estudados em DNA genômico destes pacientes. Nenhum dos pacientes estudados apresentava histórico familial compatível com a síndrome de Li-Fraumeni. Sequenciamento automático permitiu a identificação da mutação Arg337His, em DNA extraído a partir de sangue periférico e/ou tecido tumoral, em 29 (24 crianças e 5 adultos) dos 71 pacientes. Nas 10 famílias em que foi possível analisar o DNA genômico de ambos os pais verificamos que a mutação Arg337His tem caráter hereditário. Por outro lado, esta mutação não foi encontrada em DNA de 160 indivíduos do grupo controle, não relacionados, analisados por sequenciamento automático e/ou digestão enzimática. A análise pareada de DNA gênomico de sangue periférico e de tecido tumoral revelou perda de heterozigose para o locus p53 em 18 de 21 (86%) pacientes portadores da mutação Arg337His. Não observamos correlação entre a presença desta mutação e o comportamento maligno dos tumores. O estudo de dois marcadores polimórficos intragênicos do p53, pelo programa de análise de tamanho de fragmento GeneScan, evidenciou um mesmo haplótipo associado à mutação Arg337His em 91% dos pacientes com tumores adrenocorticais, configurando uma origem comum para esta mutação. O estudo de 6 marcadores polimórficos ao longo do cromossomo 17 (D17S926, VNTRP53, D17S1856, D17S942, D17S1351 e D17S928) em DNA genômico pareado de 29 pacientes demonstrou uma freqüência elevada (81%) de perda do cromossomo 17 em associação à mutação Arg337His. Não observamos correlação entre a perda do cromossomo 17 e a agressividade tumoral nestes pacientes. Instabilidade cromossômica envolvendo os cromossomos 2, 9 e 11 nos 17 pacientes que perderam o cromossomo 17 foi identificada em 47%, 47% e 71%, respectivamente. Perda dos cromossomos 2 e 11 foi evidenciada em tumores benignos e malignos. A perda do cromossomo 9 foi evidenciada exclusivamente nos tumores malignos, assim como a perda concomitante de 3 ou mais cromossomos. Em conclusão, confirmamos uma freqüência elevada da mutação Arg337His em crianças brasileiras com tumores adrenocorticais benignos e malignos. Esta mutação também foi encontrada no grupo de adultos, embora em menor freqüência. Não houve correlação entre sua presença e o comportamento maligno dos tumores adrenocorticais. Efeito fundador para a mutação Arg337His e inativação bialélica do p53, caracterizada pela presença da mutação Arg337His e a perda do cromossomo 17 foram demonstradas na maioria dos casos analisados. Finalmente, a instabilidade cromossômica envolvendo três ou mais cromossomos contribuiu para o diagnóstico de carcinoma adrenocorticalThe incidence of adrenocortical tumors in the South region of Brazil is 10 to 15 times higher than the worldwide one. Mutations in the tumor suppressor p53 gene, located in chromosome 17p13.1, have been described in different human tumors. A germline mutation, Arg337His, in the tetramerization domain of the tumor suppressor P53 was identified in 35 of 36 children from the South region of Brazil. In the present study we have searched for Arg337His mutation in genomic DNA of 71 non-related patients, 41 adults and 30 children, with benign or malignant adrenocortical tumors. Additionally, we also analyzed the loss of heterozigosity of p53 locus, deletion mapping of chromosome 17 and chromosome instability, in genomic DNA of these patients. None of the patients had a familial history of Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Automatic sequencing identified the Arg337His mutation in genomic DNA from peripheral leukocytes and/or tumor tissues in 29 (24 children and 5 adults) of these 71 patients. In 10 families in which the study of both parent\'s DNA was possible, the Arg337His mutation was inherited from one of the parents. Sequencing analysis and/or enzymatic restriction showed that this mutation was not present in DNA of 160 non-related control subjects. Paired analysis of genomic DNA of peripheral leukocytes and tumor tissue revealed loss of heterozigosity of p53 locus in 18/21 (86%) patients with Arg337His mutation. There was no correlation between the presence of this mutation and the malignant behavior of these tumors. The study of two intragenic polymorphic markers of p53 through GeneScan software showed the association of the same haplotype with the Arg337His mutation in 91% of patients with adrenocortical tumors, indicating a common origin of this mutation. The study of 6 polymorphic markers along chromosome 17 (D17S926, VNTRP53, D17S1856, D17S942, D17S1351, D17S928) in paired genomic DNA of 29 patients showed an increased frequency (81%) of chromosome 17 loss in association with the presence of the Arg337His mutation. We did not observe any correlation between the loss of chromosome 17 and aggressive tumor behavior in these patients. In the 17 patients who lost chromosome 17, chromosome instability of chromosomes 2, 9 and 11 was identified in 47%, 47% e 71%, respectively. Loss of chromosomes 2 and 11 was observed in benign and malignant tumors, whereas the loss of chromosome 9 was observed exclusively on malignant tumors. Similarly, the concomitant loss of 3 or more chromosomes was only observed in malignant tumors. In conclusion we confirmed an increased frequency of Arg337His mutation in Brazilian children with benign or malignant adrenocortical tumors. This mutation was also found in the adult group, although at a lower frequency. There was no correlation between the presence of the mutation and the malignant behavior of adrenocortical tumor. We demonstrated a founder effect for this mutation and also a biallelic inactivation of p53 characterized by the presence of the Arg337His mutation and the loss of chromosome 17 in most of the cases studied. Finally, chromosome instability involving 3 or more chromosomes contributed for the diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinoma in thes

Classical osteoblastoma, atypical osteoblastoma, and osteosarcoma: a comparative study based on clinical, histological, and biological parameters Osteoblastoma clássico, osteoblastoma atípico e osteossarcoma: um estudo comparativo baseado em parâmetros clínicos, histológicos e biológicos

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biological behavior of classical and atypical osteoblastomas in comparison to osteosarcomas. METHODS: Based on histological parameters, 30 osteoblastomas were subclassified as classical osteoblastomas (23/30) or atypical osteoblastoma (high cellularity, prominent blue osteoid, and epithelioid osteoblasts-7/30). Comparative immunohistochemical and clinical analysis was performed in 17 cases of patients with high-grade osteosarcoma. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue was immunostained for p53 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen. Tumors with positive p53 stain underwent molecular analyses for fragments of exon 10. RESULTS: The mean proliferating cell nuclear antigen indexes for classical osteoblastoma, atypical osteoblastoma, and osteosarcoma were 33%, 61%, and 79%, respectively. The atypical subgroup showed similar results to those of the osteosarcoma group (P < 0.001). p53 protein was detected in 4 (13%) osteoblastomas (3 of these were atypical osteoblastoma), and 4 osteosarcomas (23%) also showed p53 positivity. DNA mutation performed in p53-positive cases was confirmed in exon 10 in 2 atypical osteoblastomas (2/3), 1 classical osteoblastoma (1/1), and 1 osteosarcoma (1/4). Disease recurrence was correlated with p53 expression (P = 0.009), atypical subtype (P = 0.031), spiculated blue bone on histology (P = 0.018), and proliferatingcell nuclear antigen labeling index > 40 (P = 0.015). CONCLUSION: These results validate atypical osteoblastoma as an entity, with p53 and proliferation cell nuclear antigen immunoexpression closer to that of osteosarcoma than of classical osteoblastoma. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index and p53 may be useful predictors of recurrence.<br>OBJETIVOS: Investigar o comportamento biológico de osteoblastomas clássicos e atípicos comparados com osteossarcomas. MÉTODOS: Com base em parâmetros histológicos classificamos um grupo de 30 osteoblastomas nos subgrupos de osteoblastomas clássicos (23/30) e de osteoblastomas atípicos (que apresentam como característica grande celularidade, osteóide azul proeminente e osteoblastos epitelióide-7/30). Como efeito de comparação dos resultados imunohistoquímicos e análise clínica, avaliamos 17 pacientes com osteosarcoma de grau avançado. Os cortes histológicos com bloco de parafina fixado em formalina foram imunocorados para p53 e antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação. Tumores com coloração positiva para p53 tiveram análise molecular para fragmentos do exon 10. RESULTADOS: O índice médio de antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação para osteoblastoma clássico, osteoblastoma atípico e osteosarcoma foram de 33%, 61% e 79%, respectivamente. O subgrupo atípico demonstrou resultados similares aos dos osteosarcomas (p<0,001). Foram detectadas proteína p53 em 4 (13%) osteoblastomas; 3 desses foram osteoblastomas atípicos, sendo que 4 osteosarcomas (23%) também demonstraram p53 positivo. A mutação do DNA nos casos positivos de p53 foi confirmada no exon 10 em dois osteoblastomas atípicos (2/3), um osteoblastoma clássico (1/1) e um osteosarcoma (1/4). A recorrência da doença foi correlacionada com a expressão do p53 (p=0,009), subtipo atípico (p=0,031), osso azul espiculado no resultado da histologia (p=0,018), e índice de marcação pelo antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação > 40 (p=0,015). CONCLUSÃO: Esses resultados validam os osteoblastomas atípicos como entidade real, com imunoexpressão das proteínas p53 e antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação mais perto do osteosarcoma do que do osteoblastoma clássico. O índice de marcação pelo antígeno nuclear de célula em proliferação e o p53 podem ser úteis fatores de prognóstico da recorrência