Monografía de pavimentos con aplicación de un SIG

Tesis (Ingeniero Constructor)Monografía de Pavimentos en la comuna de Macul con aplicación de un SIG, es un trabajo que lleva a visualizar de manera clara la complementación entre las áreas del conocimiento técnico y del desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías para visualizarlo. Se busca identificar las causas que generan los diferentes tipos de fallas que afectan a los pavimentos urbanos, para luego poder evaluar y asociar a cada una de ellas la solución óptima, desde el punto de vista técnico, de su aplicación y su costo. Lo anterior, sin alejarse de los fundamentos teóricos, debe ser de fácil aplicación, de modo de constituir una guía práctica para el diagnóstico y posterior reparación de la red vial. Con este estudio se pretende priorizar las inversiones en función de los daños. Establecer, sobre la base de un estudio monográfico-técnico, un procedimiento aplicable a diferentes comunas, en el cual se entregue un plan de acción a seguir referente a cuánto, cómo y en qué momento invertir en conservaciones y reparaciones. En otras palabras, este procedimiento constituirá una herramienta que permita a los municipios un manejo adecuado y racional de su presupuesto, para que al cabo de un número determinado de años, la comuna presente todas sus calles pavimentadas y en buen estado. Diseñar una metodología rápida y económica, aprovechando las bondades del software "ArcView 3.2" y del Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG), que permita determinar y representar en forma clara el verdadero y actual estado de todos los pavimentos que forman parte de la comuna estudiada. Esta nueva tecnología entregará respuestas más rápidas, mantendrá la información más organizada y con un manejo más eficaz para relacionar cada uno de los problemas y sus parámetros.Pave Monography with SIG application in the Macul district, is a research which leads us to visualize in a clear manner the complementary relation between the areas of technical knowledge and the development of new technologies. With this SIG application it is sought to identify in a clear manner the causes which poduce the different kinds of failures affecting the urban pavement in order to then evaluate and associate each one of them to the most favorable solution from the technical point of view, its application and cost. The aforementioned, without going far away from the theorical fundaments, it must be of easy application so as to constitute a practical guide for the diagnosis and subsequent of the roads. This research is intended to priorize the investments in function of the damages. It also seeks to establish on the grounds of a technical-monographic study, a procedure which could be applicable on different districts, which gives an action plan to be followed referring to how many time, the way and the right time to invest on conservation and repair. In other words, this procedure will be a tool which will allow the town halls to handle their budgets in a correct and rational way. Another goal is to design a quick and cheap methodology, using the advantages of the "ArcView 3.2" software and the Geographical Information System (SIG) allowing to determine and represent clearly the real and current state of all the pavements which are part of the studied district. This new technology will give quickier answers, it will keep the information more organized and an effective management to relate each one of the problems with theirs parameters

Inhibition of the proteasome preserves Mitofusin-2 and mitochondrial integrity, protecting cardiomyocytes during ischemia-reperfusion injury

Cardiomyocyte loss is the main cause of myocardial dysfunction following an ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Mitochondrial dysfunction and altered mitochondrial network dynamics play central roles in cardiomyocyte death. Proteasome inhibition is cardioprotective in the setting of IR; however, the mechanisms underlying this protection are not well-understood. Several proteins that regulate mitochondrial dynamics and energy metabolism, including Mitofusin-2 (Mfn2), are degraded by the proteasome. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether proteasome inhibition can protect cardiomyocytes from IR damage by maintaining Mfn2 levels and preserving mitochondrial network integrity. Using ex vivo Langendorff-perfused rat hearts and in vitro neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, we showed that the proteasome inhibitor MG132 reduced IR-induced cardiomyocyte death. Moreover, MG132 preserved mitochondrial mass, prevented mitochondrial network fragmentation, and abolished IR-induced reductions in Mfn2 levels in heart tissue and cultured cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, Mfn2 overexpression also prevented cardiomyocyte death. This effect was apparently specific to Mfn2, as overexpression of Miro1, another protein implicated in mitochondrial dynamics, did not confer the same protection. Our results suggest that proteasome inhibition protects cardiomyocytes from IR damage. This effect could be partly mediated by preservation of Mfn2 and therefore mitochondrial integrity.Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT): 1130407, 1180613, 11170962, 1160704, 1200490, 11181000, 3190546, 3160549. Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), CONICYT FONDAP

Peripheral modulation of antidepressant targets MAO-B and GABAAR by harmol induces mitohormesis and delays aging in preclinical models

Reversible and sub-lethal stresses to the mitochondria elicit a program of compensatory responses that ultimately improve mitochondrial function, a conserved anti-aging mechanism termed mitohormesis. Here, we show that harmol, a member of the beta-carbolines family with anti-depressant properties, improves mitochondrial function and metabolic parameters, and extends healthspan. Treatment with harmol induces a transient mitochondrial depolarization, a strong mitophagy response, and the AMPK compensatory pathway both in cultured C2C12 myotubes and in male mouse liver, brown adipose tissue and muscle, even though harmol crosses poorly the blood–brain barrier. Mechanistically, simultaneous modulation of the targets of harmol monoamine-oxidase B and GABA-A receptor reproduces harmol-induced mitochondrial improvements. Diet-induced pre-diabetic male mice improve their glucose tolerance, liver steatosis and insulin sensitivity after treatment with harmol. Harmol or a combination of monoamine oxidase B and GABA-A receptor modulators extend the lifespan of hermaphrodite Caenorhabditis elegans or female Drosophila melanogaster. Finally, two-year-old male and female mice treated with harmol exhibit delayed frailty onset with improved glycemia, exercise performance and strength. Our results reveal that peripheral targeting of monoamine oxidase B and GABA-A receptor, common antidepressant targets, extends healthspan through mitohormesis

Taller de Aptitud Vocacional para Arquitectura - AR206 - 202101

Descripción: El Taller de Aptitud Vocacional para Arquitectura es un curso del ciclo 0 de la carrera de Arquitectura, de carácter teórico-práctico dirigido a los estudiantes que no aprobaron o no rindieron la "Prueba de aptitud 1Vocacional para Arquitectura". En este sentido, el curso brinda el primer acercamiento a los conceptos arquitectónicos básicos y a la historia del arte y arquitectura, a través de ejercicios de diseño (maquetas, exposiciones individuales y grupales, afiches gráficos, entre otros) con los cuales el alumno se entrena (o prepara) para los talleres de diseño y los cursos de historia de la carrera. Propósito: El curso permite verificar si el perfil de los estudiantes coincide con lo necesario para el seguimiento de la Carrera de Arquitectura además de corroborar y/o reforzar las aptitudes vocacionales para la misma y de esta manera el estudiante, aumente sus probabilidades de un buen desempeño académico y la exitosa culminación de la carrera. El curso contribuye directamente al desarrollo de la competencia general de Pensamiento Innovador y la competencia específica de Diseño Fundamentado a un nivel novato (nivel 1). No tiene requisitos previos. Aprobar este curso es requisito para llevar los curso de carrera: Expresión Artística y Espacial y TI - Introducción al Diseño Arquitectónico, ambos del Ciclo 1

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research