Gendered and Social Hierarchies in Problem Representation and Policy Processes: ‘Domestic Violence’ in Finland and Scotland

This article identifies and critiques presumptions about gender and violence that continue to frame and inform the processes of policy formation and implementation on domestic violence. It also deconstructs the agendered nature of policy as gendered, multilevel individual and collective action. Drawing on comparative illustrative material from Finland and Scotland, we discuss how national policies and discourses emphasize physical forms of violence, place the onus on the agency of women, and encourage a narrow conceptualization of violence in relationships. The two countries do this in somewhat comparable, though different ways operating within distinct national gender contexts.The complex interweaving of masculinities, violence, and cultures, although recognized in many debates, is seemingly marginalized from dominant discourses, policy, and legal processes. Despite growth in critical studies on men, there is little attempt made to problematize the gendered nature of violence. Rather, policy and service outcomes reflect processes through which individualized and masculine discourses frame ideas, discourses, and policy work. Women experiencing violence are constructed as victims and potential survivors of violence, although the social and gendered hierarchies evident in policies and services result in longer-term inequities and suffering for women and their dependents

Palaeomagnetic field intensity variations suggest Mesoproterozoic inner-core nucleation

The Earth’s inner core grows by the freezing of liquid iron at its surface. The point in history at which this process initiated marks a step-change in the thermal evolution of the planet. Recent computational and experimental studies1,2,3,4,5 have presented radically differing estimates of the thermal conductivity of the Earth’s core, resulting in estimates of the timing of inner-core nucleation ranging from less than half a billion to nearly two billion years ago. Recent inner-core nucleation (high thermal conductivity) requires high outer-core temperatures in the early Earth that complicate models of thermal evolution. The nucleation of the core leads to a different convective regime6 and potentially different magnetic field structures that produce an observable signal in the palaeomagnetic record and allow the date of inner-core nucleation to be estimated directly. Previous studies searching for this signature have been hampered by the paucity of palaeomagnetic intensity measurements, by the lack of an effective means of assessing their reliability, and by shorter-timescale geomagnetic variations. Here we examine results from an expanded Precambrian database of palaeomagnetic intensity measurements7 selected using a new set of reliability criteria8. Our analysis provides intensity-based support for the dominant dipolarity of the time-averaged Precambrian field, a crucial requirement for palaeomagnetic reconstructions of continents. We also present firm evidence for the existence of very long-term variations in geomagnetic strength. The most prominent and robust transition in the record is an increase in both average field strength and variability that is observed to occur between a billion and 1.5 billion years ago. This observation is most readily explained by the nucleation of the inner core occurring during this interval9; the timing would tend to favour a modest value of core thermal conductivity and supports a simple thermal evolution model for the Earth

The Rise of the Crime Victim and Punitive Policies? Changes to the Legal Regulation of Intimate Partner Violence in Finland

This article examines intimate partnership violence as a question of criminal justice policy in Finland, and contributes to criminological discussions regarding oft-stated connections between the politicization of the victim, the treatment of offenders, and repressive criminal justice policies. In this discussion, legislation aiming to regulate and prevent violence against women has often been utilized as an example of such punitive policies. Although criminal policies in Nordic countries differ significantly from more punitive Anglophone policies, punitive tendencies have argued to exist in the former too. This article analyses the change in legal regulations and the criminal political status of intimate partner violence in Finland between 1990 and 2004, while examining the juxtaposition of victims and offenders alongside repressive demands

Revisiting the paleomagnetism of the neoarchean Uaua mafic dyke swarm, Brazil : implications for archean supercratons

The original connections of Archean cratons are becoming traceable due to an increasing amount of paleomagnetic data and refined magmatic barcodes. The Ilaua block of the northern Sao Francisco craton may represent a fragment of a major Archean craton. Here, we report new paleomagnetic data from the 2.62 Ga-Vaud tholeiitic mafic dyke swarm of the Uatia block in the northern Sao Francisco craton, Eastern Brazil. Our paleomagnetic results confirm the earlier results for these units, but our interpretation differs. We suggest that the obtained characteristic remanent magnetization for the 2.62 Ga swarm is of primary origin, supported by a provisionally-positive baked contact test. The corresponding paleomagnetic pole (25.2 degrees N, 330.5 degrees E, A(95) = 8.1 degrees, N = 20) takes the present northern part of the Sao Francisco craton to moderate latitudes. Based on the comparison of the paleolatitudes of cratons with high-quality paleomagnetic data and magmatic barcodes, we suggest that the northern part of the Sao Francisco craton could have been part of the proposed Supervaalbara supercraton during the Archean. Supervaalbara is proposed as including (but not limited to) the part of the Sao Francisco craton as well as the Superior, Wyoming, Kola + Karelia, Zimbabwe, Kaapvaal, Tanzania, Yilgarn, and Pilbara cratons329108123FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP2012/15824-6We would like to thank the editor Randall Parrish, the guest editors Mike Hamilton and Richard Ernst, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments which significantly improved our manuscript. The work of JS was funded by the Academy of Finland. This publication contributes to IGCP648 Supercontinent Cycles & Global Geodynamics. Fieldwork for the dyke sampling was funded by São Paulo State Research Foundation (FAPESP), Brazil, through the thematic project “Evolution of Archean Terranes of the São Francisco Craton and the Borborema Province, Brazil: global environmental and geodynamic implications” (grant # 2012/15824-6 to EPO), and by the National Science Foundation (USA) grant EAR-1149434 “Reading magnetic fingerprints from deep time: an insight into the geodynamo and early Earth system evolution” (to AS

Revisiting the paleomagnetism of the Neoarchean Uauá mafic dyke swarm, Brazil: Implications for Archean supercratons

The original connections of Archean cratons are becoming traceable due to an increasing amount of paleomagnetic data and refined magmatic barcodes. The Uauá block of the northern São Francisco craton may represent a fragment of a major Archean craton. Here, we report new paleomagnetic data from the 2.62 Ga Uauá tholeiitic mafic dyke swarm of the Uauá block in the northern São Francisco craton, Eastern Brazil. Our paleomagnetic results confirm the earlier results for these units, but our interpretation differs. We suggest that the obtained characteristic remanent magnetization for the 2.62 Ga swarm is of primary origin, supported by a provisionally-positive baked contact test. The corresponding paleomagnetic pole (25.2°N, 330.5°E, A95 = 8.1°, N = 20) takes the present northern part of the São Francisco craton to moderate latitudes. Based on the comparison of the paleolatitudes of cratons with high-quality paleomagnetic data and magmatic barcodes, we suggest that the northern part of the São Francisco craton could have been part of the proposed Supervaalbara supercraton during the Archean. Supervaalbara is proposed as including (but not limited to) the part of the São Francisco craton as well as the Superior, Wyoming, Kola + Karelia, Zimbabwe, Kaapvaal, Tanzania, Yilgarn, and Pilbara cratons

Magnetic characterization of the Daule chondrite (Ecuador\u27s first meteorite fall): The case of elusive tetrataenite?

We investigated the magnetic properties of Ecuador\u27s first reported meteorite fall (March 23, 2008), the Daule ordinary chondrite (L5, S4, W0) using thermomagnetic analyses at high and cryogenic temperatures, analyses of magnetic hysteresis and first-order reversal curves, and thermal and alternating field (AF) demagnetization of natural remanent magnetization (NRM). The mineralogical and chemical composition of Daule was examined using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Most methods indicate that the magnetic properties of Daule are dominated by multidomain FeNi alloys (kamacite) with Ni content varying between ∼4% and ∼17%. However, backfield demagnetization (BFD) analyses revealed the presence of high-coercivity tetrataenite that survived shock metamorphism. The differential survival of tetrataenite at the millimeter scale indicates heterogeneity of the impact-related temperature and pressure fields within the Daule meteorite. BFD curves may serve as an efficient tool for identifying minor amounts of tetrataenite that otherwise cannot be discerned from the signal from magnetically-soft FeNi mineral phases by methods based on induced magnetization. Thermal demagnetization experiments unveiled the presence of a well-defined characteristic component of NRM, which remains resistant to AF demagnetization. We interpret this component as a pre-impact thermochemical remanence carried by tetrataenite and acquired during the thermal metamorphism of the parent body. At cryogenic temperatures, the magnetic properties of Daule are dominated by low-Mg magnesiochromite with the Curie temperature at 60–70 K

New high stearic oilseed stearin fat ano process for its preparation

A high stearic oilseed stearin fat comprising: - from 19% to 95% of disaturated triglycerides in which the (w/w) ratio of disaturated triglycerides with one oleic acid to disaturated triglycerides with one linoleic acid (SOS/SLS) is higher than 1; - and at least 1% of trisaturated triglycerides; in which the Ssn-2/Stotal x 100 value is of from 11 to 98; and a process for preparing the samePeer reviewedBunge Növényolajipari Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnic

New high stearic oilseed stearin fat and process for its preparation

A high stearic oilseed stearin fat comprising: - from 19% to 95% of disaturated triglycerides in which the (w/w) ratio of disaturated triglycerides with one oleic acid to disaturated triglycerides with one linoleic acid (SOS/SLS) is higher than 1; - and at least 1% of trisaturated triglycerides; in which the Ssn-2/Stotal x 100 value is of from 11 to 98; and a process for preparing the samePeer reviewedBunge Növényolajipari Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnic

New high stearic oilseed stearin fat and process for its preparation

A high stearic oilseed stearin fat including: from 19% to 95% of disaturated triglycerides in which the (w/w) ratio of disaturated triglycerides with one oleic acid to disaturated triglycerides with one linoleic acid (SOS/SLS) is higher than 1; and at least 1% of trisaturated triglycerides; in which the Ssn-2/Stotal×100 value is of from 11 to 98; and a process for preparing the samePeer reviewedBunge Növényolajipari Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnic

New high stearic oilseed stearin fat and process for its preparation

A high stearic oilseed stearin fat comprising: - from 19% to 95% of disaturated triglycerides in which the (w/w) ratio of disaturated triglycerides with one oleic acid to disaturated triglycerides with one linoleic acid (SOS/SLS) is higher than 1; - and at least 1% of trisaturated triglycerides; in which the Ssn-2/Stotal x 100 value is of from 11 to 98; and a process for preparing the samePeer reviewedBunge Növényolajipari Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)A1 Solicitud de patente con informe sobre el estado de la técnic