Impacts of atmospheric CO2 and soil nutritional value on plant responses to rhizosphere colonization by soil bacteria

Concerns over rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations have led to growing interest in the effects of global change on plant-microbe interactions. As a primary substrate of plant metabolism, atmospheric CO2 influences below-ground carbon allocation and root exudation chemistry, potentially affecting rhizosphere interactions with beneficial soil microbes. In this study, we have examined the effects of different atmospheric CO2 concentrations on Arabidopsis rhizosphere colonization by the rhizobacterial strain Pseudomonas simiae WCS417 and the saprophytic strain Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Rhizosphere colonization by saprophytic KT2440 was not influenced by sub-ambient (200 ppm) and elevated (1,200 ppm) concentrations of CO2, irrespective of the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of the soil. Conversely, rhizosphere colonization by WCS417 in soil with relatively low C and N content increased from sub-ambient to elevated CO2. Examination of plant responses to WCS417 revealed that plant growth and systemic resistance varied according to atmospheric CO2 concentration and soil-type, ranging from growth promotion with induced susceptibility at sub-ambient CO2, to growth repression with induced resistance at elevated CO2. Collectively, our results demonstrate that the interaction between atmospheric CO2 and soil nutritional status has a profound impact on plant responses to rhizobacteria. We conclude that predictions about plant performance under past and future climate scenarios depend on interactive plant responses to soil nutritional status and rhizobacteria

Genotype determines Arbutus unedo L. physiological and metabolomic responses to drought and recovery

Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) is a small resilient species with a circum-Mediterranean distribution, high ecological relevance in southern European forests and with several economical applications. As most orchards are usually installed on marginal lands where plants usually face severe drought, selecting plants that can better cope with water restriction is critical, and a better understanding of the tolerance mechanisms is required. Strawberry tree plants under drought follow a typical isohydric strategy, by limiting transpiration through stomata closure. However, the contribution of genotype and its bio-geographic origin on plant performance needs clarification, as well as the involvement of a specific metabolic reactions associated with the mechanical response. To test this hypothesis, several eco-physiological and biochemical parameters were assessed on different genotypes, and the metabolic profiles studied, including important stress-related phytohormones, on plants under different water regimes (plants watered to 70% and 18% field capacity) and a recovery assay. A contrasting drought tolerance was found in plants from different genotypes, associated with physiological and metabolic responses. Metabolomics revealed more than 500 metabolic features were differentially accumulated, including abscisic and salicylic acids, for the genotype with better performance under drought (A4). This genotype also recovered faster when the imposed stress was interrupted, thus indicating the relevance of metabolic adaptation under water deficit conditions. By correlating carbon assimilation with identified metabolites, some proved to be satisfactory predictors of plant performance under drought and might be used for marker assisted breeding. Therefore, our study proves the importance of genotype as a major selection criterion of resistant plants to drought and provides empirical knowledge of the metabolic response involved. We also hypothesized the involvement of phenolics on response mechanisms under drought, which is worth to be explored to shed light on the metabolic pathways involved in plant response to water stress

Plant perception of β-aminobutyric acid is mediated by an aspartyl-tRNA synthetase

Specific chemicals can prime the plant immune system for augmented defense. β-aminobutyric acid (BABA) is a priming agent that provides broad-spectrum disease protection. However, BABA also suppresses plant growth when applied in high doses, which has hampered its application as a crop defense activator. Here we describe a mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that is impaired in BABA-induced disease immunity (ibi1) but is hypersensitive to BABA-induced growth repression. IBI1 encodes an aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. Enantiomer-specific binding of the R enantiomer of BABA to IBI1 primed the protein for noncanonical defense signaling in the cytoplasm after pathogen attack. This priming was associated with aspartic acid accumulation and tRNA-induced phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α. However, mutation of eIF2α-phosphorylating GCN2 kinase did not affect BABA-induced immunity but relieved BABA-induced growth repression. Hence, BABA-activated IBI1 controls plant immunity and growth via separate pathways. Our results open new opportunities to separate broad-spectrum disease resistance from the associated costs on plant growth

Etude de la biosynthese du nad chez les plantes : conséquences physiologiques de sa manipulation chez Arabidopsis thaliana

Plant development and functions are underpinned by redox reactions which depend on cofactors such as pyridine nucleotides as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Beside its redox properties, NAD has recently been implicated in cellular signalling. An inducible system based on Escherichia coli quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPT) overproduction in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was set up as a convenient experimental technique to raise NAD content. This build-up highlights the involvement of NAD in plant-pathogen specific defense mechanisms. Furthermore, manipulating endogenous Arabidopsis thaliana QPT levels was used to deregulate NAD production. Such an approach points out the critical role of NAD in C/N interactions by shaking up nitrogen assimilation upon photorespiratory conditions. These results pave the way for a new understanding of signalling mechanisms involving NAD in plants major metabolic functions.Porteur redox intervenant dans nombre de processus métaboliques, le NAD (nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide) est central pour les cellules vivantes. Outre son importance dans le métabolisme oxydoréductif, des données récentes suggèrent fortement d’autres rôles importants pour le NAD dans la signalisation cellulaire. Un système inductible d’enrichissement en NAD en surproduisant la quinolinate phosphoribosyltransférase (QPT) d’Escherichia coli chez Arabidopsis thaliana a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication du NAD dans les mécanismes spécifiques de défenses qui régissent les interactions plante-pathogène. Par ailleurs, une dérégulation de la synthèse de NAD sur l’étape enzymatique catalysée par la QPT endogène d’Arabidopsis thaliana souligne le rôle critique du NAD dans la balance C/N des plantes, en particulier en bouleversant l’assimilation de l’azote en conditions photorespiratoires. Ces travaux nous ouvrent à une nouvelle compréhension des mécanismes de signalisation impliquant le NAD dans les grandes fonctions métaboliques des plantes

NAD biosynthesis in plants : physiological consequences of its deregulation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Porteur redox intervenant dans nombre de processus métaboliques, le NAD (nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide) est central pour les cellules vivantes. Outre son importance dans le métabolisme oxydoréductif, des données récentes suggèrent fortement d’autres rôles importants pour le NAD dans la signalisation cellulaire. Un système inductible d’enrichissement en NAD en surproduisant la quinolinate phosphoribosyltransférase (QPT) d’Escherichia coli chez Arabidopsis thaliana a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication du NAD dans les mécanismes spécifiques de défenses qui régissent les interactions plante-pathogène. Par ailleurs, une dérégulation de la synthèse de NAD sur l’étape enzymatique catalysée par la QPT endogène d’Arabidopsis thaliana souligne le rôle critique du NAD dans la balance C/N des plantes, en particulier en bouleversant l’assimilation de l’azote en conditions photorespiratoires. Ces travaux nous ouvrent à une nouvelle compréhension des mécanismes de signalisation impliquant le NAD dans les grandes fonctions métaboliques des plantes.Plant development and functions are underpinned by redox reactions which depend on cofactors such as pyridine nucleotides as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Beside its redox properties, NAD has recently been implicated in cellular signalling. An inducible system based on Escherichia coli quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPT) overproduction in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was set up as a convenient experimental technique to raise NAD content. This build-up highlights the involvement of NAD in plant-pathogen specific defense mechanisms. Furthermore, manipulating endogenous Arabidopsis thaliana QPT levels was used to deregulate NAD production. Such an approach points out the critical role of NAD in C/N interactions by shaking up nitrogen assimilation upon photorespiratory conditions. These results pave the way for a new understanding of signalling mechanisms involving NAD in plants major metabolic functions

Plant Metabolomics in full swing Preface

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Soil metabolomics: A powerful tool for predicting and specifying pesticide sorption

International audienceSorption regulates the dispersion of pesticides from cropped areas to surrounding water bodies as well as their persistence. Assessing the risk of water contamination and evaluating the efficiency of mitigation measures, requires fine-resolution sorption data and a good knowledge of its drivers. This study aimed to assess the potential of a new approach combining chemometric and soil metabolomics to estimate the adsorption and desorption coefficients of a range of pesticides. It also aims to identify and characterise key components of soil organic matter (SOM) driving the sorption of these pesticides. We constituted a dataset of 43 soils from Tunisia, France and Guadeloupe (West Indies), covering extensive ranges of texture, organic carbon and pH. We performed untargeted soil metabolomics by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS). We measured the adsorption and desorption coefficients of three pesticides namely glyphosate, 2,4-D and difenoconazole for these soils. We developed Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) models for the prediction of the sorption coefficients from the RT-m/z matrix and conducted further ANOVA analyses to identify, annotate and characterise the most significant constituents of SOM in the PLSR models. The curated metabolomics matrix yielded 1213 metabolic markers. The prediction performance of the PLSR models was generally high for the adsorption coefficients Kdads (0.3 < R2 < 0.8) and for the desorption coefficients Kfdes (0.6 < R2 < 0.8) but low for ndes (0.03 < R2 < 0.3). The most significant features in the predictive models were annotated with a confidence level of 2 or 3. The molecular descriptors of these putative compounds suggest that the pool of SOM compounds driving glyphosate sorption is reduced compared to 2,4-D and difenoconazole, and these compounds are generally more polar. This approach can provide estimates of the adsorption and desorption coefficients of pesticides, including polar pesticide, for contrasted pedoclimates