El "Cristo de las Batallas" en la Catedral Nueva y el "Cristo pectoral del Cid" en la torre medieval de la Catedral Vieja de Salamanca

Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, unter anderem auch bekannt als der Cid, gehört zu den meisterforschten Figuren des spanischen Mittelalters. Das literarische Werk El Poema de mío Cid steht ebenso wie das wahre Leben des Protagonisten stets zwischen Mythos und Realität. Ähnlich verhält es sich mit zwei nahezu unbekannten Kruzifixen, dem Cristo de las Batallas und dem Cristo pectoral del Cid, die sich heute in den Kathedralen Salamancas befinden. Die Legende besagt, der Ritter selbst hätte sie bei seinen zahlreichen Eroberungskämpfen gegen die Mauren im 11. Jahrhundert bei sich getragen. Anhand von Dokumenten des Kathedralarchivs und einer kunsthistorischen Analyse wurden die jeweilige Funktion und die Datierungen der Kruzifixe neu überprüft. Der Cristo pectoral konnte als nicht auf den Cid zurückführendes Attribut definiert werden. Im Falle des Cristo de las Batallas konnten Parallelen hinsichtlich der romanischen Ikonografie dieser Christusdarstellung zur zeitlichen Wirkung des Cid gezogen werden. Trotzdem muss die fixe Zuschreibung aufgrund fehlender Quellen offen gelassen werden

Das Museum im Unterricht und der Unterricht im Museum: Deutsch als Fremdsprache und interkulturelle Kompetenz im Rahmen des Museo Vostell

[ES] La tesis doctoral lleva por título El museo en clase y la clase en el museo: el alemán como lengua extranjera y competencia intercultural en el contexto del Museo Vostell (título original: Das Museum im Unterricht und der Unterricht im Museum: Deutsch als Fremdsprache und interkulturelle Kompetenz im Rahmen des Museo Vostell) y se divide en dos partes principales: el marco teórico y propuestas de aplicación didáctica

統計力學の諸問題

Selective predation can lead to natural selection in prey populations and may alleviate competition among surviving individuals. The processes of selection and competition can have substantial effects on prey population dynamics, but are rarely studied simultaneously. Moreover, field studies of predator-induced short-term selection pressures on prey populations are scarce. Here we report measurements of density dependence in body composition in a bivalve prey (edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule) during bouts of intense predation by an avian predator (red knot, Calidris canutus). We measured densities, patchiness, morphology, and body composition (shell and flesh mass) of cockles in a quasi-experimental setting, i.e. before and after predation in three similar plots of 1 ha each, two of which experienced predation, and one of which remained unvisited in the course of the short study period and served as a reference. An individual's shell and flesh mass declined with cockle density (negative density dependence). Before predation, cockles were patchily distributed. After predation, during which densities were reduced by 78% (from 232 m-2 to 50 m-2), the patchiness was substantially reduced, i.e. the spatial distribution was homogenized. Red knots selected juvenile cockles with an average length of 6.9 mm (SD 1.0). Cockles surviving predation had heavier shells than before predation (an increase of 21.5 percentage points), but similar flesh masses. By contrast, in the reference plot shell mass did not differ statistically between initial and final sampling occasions, while flesh mass was larger (an increase of 13.2 percentage points). In this field-study, we show that red knots imposed a strong selection pressure on cockles to grow fast with thick shells and little flesh mass, with selection gradients among the highest reported in the literature

Accounting Reporting Complexity Measured Behaviorally

We propose a new measure of accounting reporting complexity (ARC) based on customized extensions XBRL elements in relation to the number of reporting tags (NRT), expressed as the relative Extension Rate (ER) as a behavioral economics solution to improve markets. Behavioral insights have recently gained attention in different scientific and applied fields. Thereby behavioral economists set out to improve market conditions to aid practitioners and consumers make wiser and more informed decisions that have a positive impact over time. XBRL extensions reduce comparability of financial disclosures and complicate financial analysis and investor decision making. We find that ER is negatively associated with market capitalization and profitability. ER is on average higher in industries perceived as complex. The preparation and disclosure of more accounting items deviating from the base taxonomy is more complex for consumers of financial and non-financial information. Increasing ER imply comparability among peers is less enabled. In comparison to commonly used measures of operating and linguistic complexity, the associations between ARC and these outcomes are more consistent, exhibit greater explanatory power, and have stronger economic significance. The ER resulting from IFRS-filers, i.e. companies which prepare their financial statements under International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) are on average significantly higher than US GAAP filers, i.e. companies which prepare their financial statements under United States General Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). This article is based on the “transparency technology XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language)” (Sunstein, 2013), which should make data more accessible as well as usable for private investors. Overall, the findings contribute to the emerging behavioral economics trend with a novel application in data science and accounting.Peer reviewe

data on length distributions and body composition before and after predation

This is the data underlying the analyses of length distributions (figure 4) and cockle body composition (figure 5 and online Table S1) before and after predation by red knots, as well as for calculating selection gradients (Table 2). An explanation of the variables is included in the supplementary file "3_body_composition_predation_readme.txt"

Data from: Natural selection by pulsed predation: survival of the thickest

Selective predation can lead to natural selection in prey populations and may alleviate competition among surviving individuals. The processes of selection and competition can have substantial effects on prey population dynamics, but are rarely studied simultaneously. Moreover, field studies of predator-induced short-term selection pressures on prey populations are scarce. Here we report measurements of density dependence in body composition in a bivalve prey (edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule) during bouts of intense predation by an avian predator (red knot, Calidris canutus). We measured densities, patchiness, morphology, and body composition (shell and flesh mass) of cockles in a quasi-experimental setting, i.e. before and after predation in three similar plots of 1 ha each, two of which experienced predation, and one of which remained unvisited in the course of the short study period and served as a reference. An individual's shell and flesh mass declined with cockle density (negative density dependence). Before predation, cockles were patchily distributed. After predation, during which densities were reduced by 78% (from 232 m-2 to 50 m-2), the patchiness was substantially reduced, i.e. the spatial distribution was homogenized. Red knots selected juvenile cockles with an average length of 6.9 mm (SD 1.0). Cockles surviving predation had heavier shells than before predation (an increase of 21.5 percentage points), but similar flesh masses. By contrast, in the reference plot shell mass did not differ statistically between initial and final sampling occasions, while flesh mass was larger (an increase of 13.2 percentage points). In this field-study, we show that red knots imposed a strong selection pressure on cockles to grow fast with thick shells and little flesh mass, with selection gradients among the highest reported in the literature

Data from: Natural selection by pulsed predation: survival of the thickest

Selective predation can lead to natural selection in prey populations and may alleviate competition among surviving individuals. The processes of selection and competition can have substantial effects on prey population dynamics, but are rarely studied simultaneously. Moreover, field studies of predator-induced short-term selection pressures on prey populations are scarce. Here we report measurements of density dependence in body composition in a bivalve prey (edible cockle, Cerastoderma edule) during bouts of intense predation by an avian predator (red knot, Calidris canutus). We measured densities, patchiness, morphology, and body composition (shell and flesh mass) of cockles in a quasi-experimental setting, i.e. before and after predation in three similar plots of 1 ha each, two of which experienced predation, and one of which remained unvisited in the course of the short study period and served as a reference. An individual's shell and flesh mass declined with cockle density (negative density dependence). Before predation, cockles were patchily distributed. After predation, during which densities were reduced by 78% (from 232 m-2 to 50 m-2), the patchiness was substantially reduced, i.e. the spatial distribution was homogenized. Red knots selected juvenile cockles with an average length of 6.9 mm (SD 1.0). Cockles surviving predation had heavier shells than before predation (an increase of 21.5 percentage points), but similar flesh masses. By contrast, in the reference plot shell mass did not differ statistically between initial and final sampling occasions, while flesh mass was larger (an increase of 13.2 percentage points). In this field-study, we show that red knots imposed a strong selection pressure on cockles to grow fast with thick shells and little flesh mass, with selection gradients among the highest reported in the literature.,data on cockle body composition and densityThis file contains the field data underlying the analyses of density dependence among cockles (figure 1 and Table 1) as well as for calculating relative body composition (online figure S2). An explanation of the variables is included in the supplementary file "1_body_composition_density_dependence_readme.txt".1_body_composition_density_dependence.csvr script for calculating relative body compositionThis is the R script to calculate relative cockle body compositions using the data from file 1: "1_body_composition_density_dependence.csv".1_relative_body_composition.rspatial data on densities of cockles before and after predationThis file contains the data underlying the analyses of spatial density distributions of cockles before and after predation (figure 2), and for calculating autocorrelation functions (figure 3). An explanation of the variables is included in the supplementary file "2_spatial_density_distribution_predation_readme.txt".2_spatial_density_distribution_predation.csvdata on length distributions and body composition before and after predationThis is the data underlying the analyses of length distributions (figure 4) and cockle body composition (figure 5 and online Table S1) before and after predation by red knots, as well as for calculating selection gradients (Table 2). An explanation of the variables is included in the supplementary file "3_body_composition_predation_readme.txt".3_body_composition_predation.csvgeneral documentationRead me first.

Appendix A. Figures showing the study area and the allometric relations between cockle length and body composition, and a table showing the mixed-modeling results for the effects of predation on a cockle’s relative body composition.

Figures showing the study area and the allometric relations between cockle length and body composition, and a table showing the mixed-modeling results for the effects of predation on a cockle’s relative body composition

r script for calculating relative body composition

This is the R script to calculate relative cockle body compositions using the data from file 1: "1_body_composition_density_dependence.csv"