The technological change in the western mediterranean during the mis 3

La problemática del cambio techno-tipológico durante el Paleolítico Medio es una cuestión debatida y no resuelta en los estudios de los comportamientos técnicos de los neandertales. El proyecto de esta tesis de doctorado tiene como objetivo contribuir a la discusión en curso añadiendo nuevos datos de dos yacimientos claves Europeos, Abric Romaní (España) (nivel O y M), y la Cueva de Fumane (Italia) (unidad A9 y A5+A6). El trabajo está enfocado en el cambio entre la tecnología Levallois y discoide, que ocurre en las secuencias arqueológicas de los dos yacimientos durante el MIS3. El estudio se ha llevado a cabo desde una perspectiva cuantitativa, teniendo en consideración los conceptos de Human Behavioral Ecology y los aspectos de costes y beneficios relacionados con el cambio de las estrategias de talla.The problematic of the techno-typological change during the Middle Paleolithic is a debated and unresolved issue in the study of Neanderthals technical behaviors. The project of this Ph.D. thesis aims to contribute to the on-going discussion adding new data from two European key sites, Abric Romaní (Spain) (level O and M), and Fumane Cave (Italy) (unit A9 and unit A5+A6). The work is focused on the particular shift between Levallois and discoid technology that occurred in the archaeological sequences of the two sites during the MIS3. The study will be carried out with a quantitative perspective taking in considerations the concepts of the Human Behavioral Ecology and the aspects of costs and benefits related with the change of the knapping strategie

The Beginning of the Early Upper Paleolithic in Poland

Research on the timing of Homo sapiens dispersals in Central Europe is pivotal for understanding the behavioral trajectories of human adaptation to low biomass environments and cold climates. Previous studies on the Early Upper Paleolithic of Poland described a different scenario from the European panorama characterized by the local development of a laminar/lamellar technology from the foregoing Middle Paleolithic and the coexistence of different Aurignacian variants after 35 ka BP. In this paper, we examine this technical diversity by reassessing and revising the chronological and technological information of the key Aurignacian sites in Poland. Our study reveals that the distinctive techno-typological features of the different Aurignacian types are most likely the result of the mixing of artifacts from different chronologies. In our view, Poland was visited intermittently by Homo sapiens since the Early Aurignacian. The deterioration of the climatic conditions during the second half of MIS 3 converted the Polish territories into a satellite area of the Aurignacian settlement system

Homo sapiens lithic technology and microlithization in the South Asian rainforest at Kitulgala Beli-lena (c. 45 – 8,000 years ago)

Recent archaeological investigations in Sri Lanka have reported evidence for the exploitation and settlement of tropical rainforests by Homo sapiens since c. 48,000 BP. Information on technological approaches used by human populations in rainforest habitats is restricted to two cave sites, Batadomba-lena and Fa-Hien Lena. Here, we provide detailed study of the lithic assemblages of Kitulgala Beli-lena, a recently excavated rockshelter preserving a sedimentary sequence from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Our analysis indicates in situ lithic production and the recurrent use of the bipolar method for the production of microliths. Stone tool analyses demonstrate long-term technological stability from c. 45,000 to 8,000 years BP, a pattern documented in other rainforest locations. Foraging behaviour is characterised by the use of lithic bipolar by-products together with osseous projectile points for the consistent targeting of semi-arboreal/arboreal species, allowing for the widespread and recurrent settlement of the wet zone of Sri Lanka

Movimento dos catadores de materiais recicláveis no Brasil: organização e luta pela valorização do seu trabalho

Durante más de cinco décadas, personas han buscado en la "basura" un medio de trabajo y supervivencia a través de la comercialización de materiales reciclables. En 2001, estos trabajadores se organizaron y crearon el Movimiento Nacional de Recicladores de Materiales Reciclables, un movimiento autónomo, que tiene como agenda principal la valorización de su trabajo con el pago por servicios de recolección selectiva, educación ambiental y logística inversa. Esas actividades, de gran relevancia social, económica y ambiental, no han sido remuneradas. Estos trabajadores viven, con excepciones, de la venta de material reciclable. En 2010, la ley 12305 instituyó la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos, previendo la implementación de sistemas de recolección selectiva y logística inversa con la inclusión socioproductiva de los recicladores, tema que genera conflictos de interés. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar este contexto que implica valorar el trabajo de los recicladores a partir de las declaraciones de los líderes que participaron de los encuentros virtuales realizados semanalmente por el movimiento, durante el periodo de pandemia, entre el 12/05/2020 y 11/05/2021. El estudio, dividido en tres capítulos, trata de la historia del movimiento, la Política Nacional de Residuos Sólidos y los límites de las políticas públicas en Brasil.Há mais de cinco décadas, pessoas buscam no “lixo” um meio de trabalho e sobrevivência através da comercialização dos materiais recicláveis. Em 2001, estes trabalhadores se organizaram e criaram o Movimento Nacional dos Catadores de Materiais Recicláveis, um movimento autônomo, que tem como principal pauta de luta a valorização do seu trabalho com o pagamento pelos serviços de coleta seletiva, educação ambiental e de logística reversa. São atividades de grande relevância social, econômica e ambiental que não são remuneradas. Esses trabalhadores vivem, com exceções, da venda do material reciclável. Em 2010, a lei 12305 instituiu a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, que prevê a implantação de sistemas de coleta seletiva e de logística reversa com a inclusão socioprodutiva dos Catadores, uma questão que gera conflitos de interesses. O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar este contexto que envolve a valorização do trabalho dos Catadores a partir das falas das lideranças que participaram das lives realizadas semanalmente pelo movimento, durante o período da pandemia, entre 12/05/2020 e 11/05/2021. O estudo, dividido em três capítulos, tratou da história do movimento, da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos e dos limites das políticas públicas no Brasil.Facultad de Trabajo Socia

Homo sapiens lithic technology and microlithization in the South Asian rainforest at Kitulgala Beli-lena (c. 45 – 8,000 years ago)

Recent archaeological investigations in Sri Lanka have reported evidence for the exploitation and settlement of tropical rainforests by Homo sapiens since c. 48,000 BP. Information on technological approaches used by human populations in rainforest habitats is restricted to two cave sites, Batadomba-lena and Fa-Hien Lena. Here, we provide detailed study of the lithic assemblages of Kitulgala Beli-lena, a recently excavated rockshelter preserving a sedimentary sequence from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene. Our analysis indicates in situ lithic production and the recurrent use of the bipolar method for the production of microliths. Stone tool analyses demonstrate long-term technological stability from c. 45,000 to 8,000 years BP, a pattern documented in other rainforest locations. Foraging behaviour is characterised by the use of lithic bipolar by-products together with osseous projectile points for the consistent targeting of semi-arboreal/arboreal species, allowing for the widespread and recurrent settlement of the wet zone of Sri Lanka.Introduction Mobility and hunter-gatherer tool-kits Kitulgala Beli-lena rockshelter Materials and methods Results - Late Pleistocene (c. 45,000–31,000 cal BP) - Terminal Pleistocene (17,157–11,314 cal BP) - Holocene (10,577–8,029 cal BP) Summary Discussio

Ensinando potenciação e radiciação através da resolução de problemas: uma metodologia ativa na sala de aula

Neste artigo são apresentados resultados de uma pesquisa que buscou evidenciar contribuições da metodologia de Ensino-aprendizagem-avaliação de matemática através da resolução de Problemas, uma metodologia ativa, reveladas na resolução de problemas de potenciação e radiciação cúbicas por alunos do 7º ano do ensino fundamental. os aportes teóricos da pesquisa foram a resolução de problemas em seus aspectos históricos; a utilização da resolução de problemas em sala de aula segundo os documentos oficiais; a metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem-avaliação de matemática através da resolução de problemas como direcionamento para a criação e implementação dos problemas e as metodologias ativas como estratégias de ensino, em que o aluno torna-se protagonista no processo de ensino e aprendizagem convergindo com a metodologia de ensino adotada. analisou-se dois problemas resolvidos por uma turma de 7° ano do ensino fundamental, de um colégio particular do norte do Paraná. Por meio de uma análise qualitativa, inspirada na análise de conteúdo evidenciou-se que ao resolverem os problemas verificou-se a utilização de diferentes estratégias; os conhecimentos prévios dos alunos foram resgatados; os alunos e o professor assumiram novos papéis e, consequentemente, a aula de matemática se tornou nova

Microliths in the South Asian rainforest ~45-4 ka: New insights from Fa-Hien Lena Cave, Sri Lanka

Microliths–small, retouched, often-backed stone tools–are often interpreted to be the product of composite tools, including projectile weapons, and efficient hunting strategies by modern humans. In Europe and Africa these lithic toolkits are linked to hunting of medium- and large-sized game found in grassland or woodland settings, or as adaptations to risky environments during periods of climatic change. Here, we report on a recently excavated lithic assemblage from the Late Pleistocene cave site of Fa-Hien Lena in the tropical evergreen rainforest of Sri Lanka. Our analyses demonstrate that Fa-Hien Lena represents the earliest microlith assemblage in South Asia (c. 48,000–45,000 cal. years BP) in firm association with evidence for the procurement of small to medium size arboreal prey and rainforest plants. Moreover, our data highlight that the lithic technology of Fa-Hien Lena changed little over the long span of human occupation (c. 48,000–45,000 cal. years BP to c. 4,000 cal. years BP) indicating a successful, stable technological adaptation to the tropics. We argue that microlith assemblages were an important part of the environmental plasticity that enabled Homo sapiens to colonise and specialise in a diversity of ecological settings during its expansion within and beyond Africa. The proliferation of diverse microlithic technologies across Eurasia c. 48–45 ka was part of a flexible human ‘toolkit’ that assisted our species’ spread into all of the world’s environments, and the development of specialised technological and cultural approaches to novel ecological situations

Revisiting Kalundu Mound, Zambia: implications for the timing of social and subsistence transitions in Iron Age Southern Africa

Novel trajectories of food production, urbanism, and inter-regional trade fueled the emergence of numerous complex Iron Age polities in central and southern Africa. Renewed research and re-dating efforts in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and along the Swahili Coast are transforming models for how inter-regional interaction spheres contributed to these patterns. While societies in present-day Zambia played an important role in the trade of copper, ivory, gold, and other resources between central and southern Africa, little is known about lifeways during the rise of social complexity in this region. This paper reports the results of re-excavation at Kalundu Mound on the Batoka Plateau of southern Zambia, one of the iconic mound sites of the Iron Age “Kalomo Culture.” New radiocarbon dates were combined with the original dates in a series of Bayesian models, indicating that previous chronologies for the site are not reliable and that the mound site likely developed rapidly from AD 1190 to 1410. Archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, and paleo-proteomic analyses of excavated materials suggests a broad subsistence base combining wild and domesticated species, including the first reported evidence for finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in the region. Considering these findings, it is necessary to re-evaluate the temporal context of the Kalomo site-group, and to also systematically reinvestigate the systems of exchange and subsistence that supported Later Iron Age complexity.Introduction Situating Kalundu Mound Within the Regional Archaeology Kalundu Mound and the Kalomo Culture - Environmental Setting and Regional History - The 1957 Excavations - The 1960–1962 Excavations - The 2017 Excavations Results - Stratigraphy - Chronology - Chronological Modeling Results - Chronology Summary Subsistence - Faunal Remains - Macrobotanical Remains - Material culture Discussion - Site Formation - Iron Age Agriculture at Kalundu - Chronology for Kalundu Mound and the Kalomo Group Conclusio

Late Pleistocene to early-Holocene rainforest foraging in Sri Lanka:Multidisciplinary analysis at Kitulgala Beli-lena

Sri Lanka has produced the earliest clear evidence for Homo sapiens fossils in South Asia and research in the region has provided important insights into modern human adaptations and cultural practices during the last ca. 45,000 years. However, in-depth multidisciplinary analyses of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sequences remain limited to just two sites, Fa Hien-lena and Batadomba-lena. Here, we present our findings from the reinvestigation of a third site, Kitulgala Beli-lena. New chronometric dating from the site confirms the presence of humans as early as ca. 45,000 cal. BP. in the island's Wet Zone rainforest region. Our analyses of macrobotanical, molluscan, and vertebrate remains from the rockshelter show that this early human presence is associated with rainforest foraging. The Late Pleistocene deposits yielded evidence of wild breadfruit and kekuna nut extraction while the Holocene layers reveal a heavy reliance on semi-arboreal and arboreal small mammals as well as freshwater snails as a protein source. The lithic and osseous artefacts demonstrate that populations developed a sophisticated tool kit for the exploitation of their immediate landscapes. We place the rich Kitulgala Beli-lena dataset in its wider Sri Lankan context of Late Pleistocene foraging, as well as in wider discussions of our species’ adaptation to ‘extreme’ environments as it moved throughout Asia

Revisiting Kalundu Mound, Zambia: Implications for the Timing of Social and Subsistence Transitions in Iron Age Southern Africa

Novel trajectories of food production, urbanism, and inter-regional trade fueled the emergence of numerous complex Iron Age polities in central and southern Africa. Renewed research and re-dating efforts in Botswana, Zimbabwe, and along the Swahili Coast are transforming models for how inter-regional interaction spheres contributed to these patterns. While societies in present-day Zambia played an important role in the trade of copper, ivory, gold, and other resources between central and southern Africa, little is known about lifeways during the rise of social complexity in this region. This paper reports the results of re-excavation at Kalundu Mound on the Batoka Plateau of southern Zambia, one of the iconic mound sites of the Iron Age “Kalomo Culture.” New radiocarbon dates were combined with the original dates in a series of Bayesian models, indicating that previous chronologies for the site are not reliable and that the mound site likely developed rapidly from AD 1190 to 1410. Archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, and paleo-proteomic analyses of excavated materials suggests a broad subsistence base combining wild and domesticated species, including the first reported evidence for finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in the region. Considering these findings, it is necessary to re-evaluate the temporal context of the Kalomo site-group, and to also systematically reinvestigate the systems of exchange and subsistence that supported Later Iron Age complexity