Ciblage des délinquants sexuels : regard sur la qualité et la pertinence d'un programme de surveillance en communauté

Les crimes sexuels génèrent beaucoup d’inquiétudes chez la société, particulièrement quand vient le temps de libérer certains délinquants sexuels à risque élevé de récidive. Les évaluations du risque sont ainsi pertinentes puisque la majorité des délinquants sexuels sont libérés suivant une peine d’emprisonnement déterminée (Wilson, Picheca and Prinzo, 2005). Certaines méthodes sont donc mises en place servant à gérer les délinquants sexuels en communauté. Un cadre légal impose certaines conditions de remise en liberté et vise à réduire le risque de récidive (Hanson and Morton-Bourgon, 2005). Toutefois, une fois leur sentence complétée, certains délinquants posent toujours un risque pour la société. Pour répondre à ce problème, des partenariats ont été développés au Québec entre les services correctionnels et policiers. Ils imposent une surveillance accrue des personnes à risque élevé de récidive (PRER). Les décisions qui sont prises peuvent être lourdes de conséquences. Il est donc important d’évaluer si les méthodes de ciblage sont efficaces, soit orientées vers les individus à haut risque de récidive. Les données utilisées dans le cadre de ce mémoire proviennent de deux sources. Premièrement, un échantillon comparatif issu d’une compilation de données comprenant l’ensemble des délinquants sexuels condamnés depuis 20 ans a été utilisé (n = 235). Puis, un registre développé depuis 10 ans regroupant l’ensemble des individus soumis au programme a été analysé (n = 235). Les participants ont été évalués en fonction des variables disponibles de la Statique-99R. L’utilité de l’outil pour la police a été mise en perspective. Le programme ne semble pas n’impliquer que des délinquants sexuels à haut risque de récidive. Les taux de récidive sont relativement bas et similaires dans les deux échantillons. Les services de police ont des données pertinentes qui permettent d’étudier la qualité du ciblage fait dans le cadre du programme. Des évaluations plus fiables pourraient améliorer l’allocation des ressources et les stratégies de ciblage.Sexual crimes generate concerns among the population, particularly when certain high-risk offenders are released. Risk evaluations are therefore relevant, since the majority of such offenders will receive sentences of limited duration and be released later on (Wilson, Picheca and Prinzo, 2005). Methods are set in place in order to manage sex offenders in communities. A legal framework imposes an increased monitoring of sex offenders ending their sentence in the community and, by that, aims at reducing the risk of recidivism (Hanson and Morton-Bourgon, 2005). However, once the term of their incarceration completed, some offenders still pose a risk to society. In order to address this problem, partnerships have been established in Quebec between correctional and police services. They are intended to keep these individuals under surveillance in order to reduce the danger they represent (Yessine and Bonta, 2006). Decisions made in regard to these police prioritized targets can cause serious consequences to society. It is therefore relevant to assess whether targeting methods adopted by police and correctional services are effective; that is, can they accurately assess the risk of recidivism for each individual and are do they include only high risk sex offenders. The data used for this study came from two sources. First, a comparative sample coming from a compilation of data that brings together all sexual assaults events leading to official charges (n = 235) was used. Second, a registry developed over a period of 10 years under three police surveillance programs (n = 235) was analysed. Data from the two groups have been subjected to ratings on the available items of the Static-99R in order to tests its potential uses for police surveillance. Police surveillance programs are not optimally directed towards high-risk sexual offenders. Recidivism rates are low and similar in both samples. Police agencies have relevant data that can be use to assess the quality of targeting methods. More reliable evaluations could allow for the improved allocation of resources and targeting strategies

Les perturbateurs endocriniens :enjeux pour le consommateur et défis scientifiques

Les perturbateurs endocriniens potentiellement associés à des problèmes de santé publique présentent une multitude d’enjeux sociétaux, législatifs et sanitaires. Actuellement aucune définition officiellement validée ne précise la nature de ces substances et leur cadre d’évaluation peut varier en fonction de leurs usages. Les systèmes endocriniens participent à la régulation de la plupart des fonctions biologiques et ils sont des acteurs clefs du développement et du maintien de l’homéostasie de l’organisme. Des perturbations de leur fonctionnement seront donc associées à de multiples effets sur la santé y compris de façon transgénérationnelle. La complexité de la régulation des différents systèmes hormonaux, de leurs interactions et de leurs effets pour maintenir l’homéostasie de l’organisme est une source de défis scientifiques majeurs. A ceci viennent s’ajouter les notions de faibles doses, de fenêtre de susceptibilité, de relation dose/réponse peu classiques dites non monotones (courbes dose/ réponse en U par exemple) et d’effets différés dans le temps rendant les investigations toxicologiques et épidémiologiques encore plus complexes et parfois en marge des approches de toxicologie classiques. Cette complexité souligne la nécessité d’élaborer des stratégies d’études pluridisciplinaires intégrant tous les niveaux de régulation du vivant jusqu’aux approches de populations

Toward a better understanding of the effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on health : Human-relevant case studies from sheep models

The 3 case studies reviewed in this article were supported by funders including: SRF Academic Scholarship Award 2013, the Wellcome Trust (080388), the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no 212885 and French Region Midi-Pyrénées [31000642] the French National Research Program for Environmental and Occupational Health of Anses [grant number 2015/1/112, 2015] and the French National Research Agency [ANR-13-CESA0007-1].Peer reviewedPostprin

Développement d'une approche toxicocinétique/toxicodynamique basée sur des mécanismes physiologiques pour évaluer les effets oestrogéniques du Bisphénol A

Ce travail a consisté à analyser, par des approches toxicocinétiques (TK) et mécanistiques, les effets oestrogéniques du Bisphenol A (BPA) sur un biomarqueur précoce et sensible : la sécrétion de l'hormone lutéinisante (LH) chez la brebis prépubère ovariectomisée. La plus faible concentration plasmatique en BPA induisant une inhibition de LH s'est avérée proche des concentrations maximales décrites chez l'Homme. Cette inhibition de LH pourrait impliquer une inhibition des systèmes neuronaux à kisspeptine. L'approche TK comparative d'espèces a montré que la clairance du BPA est toujours élevée, proche du débit sanguin hépatique. Pour une exposition à la dose journalière admissible, cette approche permet de prédire chez l'Homme des concentrations en BPA très inférieures à celles associées à une inhibition de LH dans notre modèle.The goal of this thesis was to analyse through toxicokinetic (TK) and mechanistic approaches the estrogeno-mimetic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) on a precocious and sensitive biomarker: LH secretion in ovariectomized female lambs. The lowest plasma BPA concentrations associated to an inhibition of LH secretion appeared to be close to the highest one reported in human. LH suppression could be mediated by an inhibition of hypothalamic kisspeptin systems. The multispecies TK approach showed that BPA clearance is always high and equivalent to the liver blood flow. For an exposure scheme corresponding to the tolerable daily intake, this approach allows to predict human BPA concentration much lower than the one associated to LH inhibition in our highly sensitive lamb model.TOULOUSE-ENSAT-Documentation (315552324) / SudocSudocFranceF

Altered expression of α3-containing GABAA receptors in the neocortex of patients with focal epilepsy

Impaired transmission in GABAergic circuits is thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Although it is well established that major reorganization of GABAA receptor subtypes occurs in the hippocampus of patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), it is unclear whether this disorder is also associated with alterations in GABAA receptor subtypes in the neocortex. Here we have investigated immunohistochemically the subunit composition and neocortical distribution of three major GABAA receptor subtypes using antibodies specifically recognizing the subunits α1, α2, α3, β2/3 and γ2. Cortical tissue was obtained at surgery from patients with TLE and hippocampal sclerosis (HS; n = 9), TLE associated with neocortical lesions (non-HS; n = 12) and frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE; n = 5), with post-mortem samples serving as controls (n = 4). A distinct laminar and neuronal expression pattern of the α-subunit variants was found across the neocortical regions examined in the temporal and frontal lobes in both control and patient tissue samples. In the five patients with FLE, GABAA receptor subunit staining was unchanged as compared to controls. In patients with TLE we observed a marked decrease in α3-subunit staining in the superficial neocortical layers (I-III), but no change in the deep layers (V and VI) or in the expression pattern of the α1 and α2-subunits. Reduced expression in α3-containing GABAA receptors was detected in six out of nine patients of the HS group and four out of twelve patients of the non-HS group. Histopathological changes were present in eight out of the ten patients with decreased α3-subunit staining. The selective reduction in α3-containing GABAA receptors was confirmed using semiquantitative measurements of optical density (OD). The specific changes unique to α3-subunit expression in the superficial neocortical layers of patients with TLE suggest that this subtype is of particular significance in the reorganization of cortical GABAergic systems in focal epileps

Prion protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of healthy and naturally scrapie-affected sheep

The aim of this study was to characterize the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) prion protein (PrP) of healthy and naturally scrapie-affected sheep. The soluble form of CSF PrPC immunoblotted with an anti-octarepeat and an anti-C terminus mAb showed two isoforms of approximately 33 and 26 kDa, corresponding to the biglycosylated and unglycosylated isoforms of brain PrPC. Neither the mean concentration nor the electrophoretic profile of CSF PrP differed between healthy and scrapieaffected sheep, whereas a slightly increased resistance of CSF PrP to mild proteolysis by proteinase K was evident in the CSF of scrapie-affected sheep. No difference in susceptibility to proteolysis was observed between the two ARR and VRQ genetic variants of the purified prokaryote recombinant PrP. It was concluded that the physicochemical properties of PrPC in the CSF could be altered during scrapie and that these changes might reflect the physiopathological process of prion disease

Maternal and Fetal Exposure to Bisphenol A Is Associated with Alterations of Thyroid Function in Pregnant Ewes and Their Newborn Lambs

The putative thyroid-disrupting properties of bisphenol A (BPA) highlight the need for an evaluation of fetal exposure and its consequence on the mother/newborn thyroid functions in models relevant to human. The goals of this study were to characterize in sheep a relevant model for human pregnancy and thyroid physiology, the internal exposures of the fetuses and their mothers to BPA and its main metabolite BPA-glucuronide (Gluc), and to determine to what extent it might be associated with thyroid disruption. Ewes were treated with BPA [5 mg/(kg . d) sc] or vehicle from d 28 until the end of pregnancy. Unconjugated BPA did not appear to accumulate in pregnant ewes, and its concentration was similar in the newborns and their mothers (0.13 +/- 0.02 and 0.18 +/- 0.03 nmol/ml in cord and maternal blood, respectively). In amniotic fluid and cord blood, BPA-Gluc concentrations were about 1300-fold higher than those of BPA. Total T-4 concentrations were decreased in BPA-treated pregnant ewes and in the cord and the jugular blood of their newborns (30% decrease). A similar difference was observed for free T-4 plasma concentrations in the jugular blood of the newborns. Our results show in a long-gestation species with a similar regulatory scheme of thyroid function as humans that BPA in utero exposure can be associated with hypothyroidism in the newborns. If such an effect were to be confirmed for a more relevant exposure scheme to BPA, this would constitute a major issue for BPA risk assessment

Severity of Retrognathia and Glossoptosis Does Not Predict Respiratory and Feeding Disorders in Pierre Robin Sequence

Pierre Robin sequence (PRS) may lead to life-threatening respiratory and feeding disorders. With the aim to analyse the association of the severities of retrognathia and glossoptosis with those of respiratory and feeding disorders, we retrospectively studied a series of 50 infants with retrognathia, glossoptosis, cleft palate, and airway obstruction. The patients were managed from birth to at least 6 years of age by a single pediatric team at the Armand Trousseau Hospital in Paris within a 12 years period (2000–2012). Retrognathia and glossoptosis were graded in the neonatal period according to a specific clinical examination. Ventilation assistance was required for 32/50 (64%) patients, and enteral feeding for 41/50 (82%). The grades of retrognathia and glossoptosis and the severity of respiratory disorders did not differ between patients with isolated PRS and syndromic PRS. Severe respiratory disorders were more common and long-lasting feeding (>12 months) was more frequently required in patients with syndromic PRS compared with isolated PRS (42 vs. 13%, p = 0.04 and 42 vs. 4%, p < 0.01 respectively). Using univariate analysis, neurological impairments and laryngomalacia were associated with severe respiratory disorders [Odds ratio (OR) 5.0, 95% CI 1.3–19.6; and OR 14.6, 95% CI 1.3–161.4; p < 0.05] as well as with long-lasting feeding (>12 months) disorders (OR 18.6, 95% CI 3.9–89.2 and OR 20.4, 95% CI 3,4–122.8; p < 10−2). Syndromic SPR status was also associated with severe respiratory disorders (OR 4.9, 95% CI 1–32.5; p < 0.05). Using multivariate analysis, only syndromic PRS status was predictive for severe respiratory disorders (adjusted OR 8, 95% CI 1.47–44.57; p < 0.05); and only neurological impairments remained a significant risk for long lasting feeding disorders (>12 months) (adjusted OR 21.72, 95% CI 3.4–138.63; p < 10−2). The grades of retrognathia and glossoptosis were not predictive factors for the severity of respiratory and feeding disorders.Conclusion: In children with PRS, the severity of clinical conditions may not correlate with anatomic variables but rather with laryngeal abnormalities, neurological impairement and syndromic PRS status

Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella, prov. de Rome)

Nel corso della campagna di scavi 2015, condotta nel mese di settembre, si è proseguito le ricerche nell’area situata all’altezza del km 64 della via Aurelia, in località « Le Guardiole ». Inoltre, in considerazione di avvenute attività di scavo abusivo e di ricerche clandestine nell’area urbana antica, sulla collina dell’antica Castrum Novum, sono stati condotti importanti interventi di emergenza e di recupero delle zone interessate da tali attività (fig. 1, Zona D). Fig. 1 – Localizzazione ..

Castrum Novum (Santa Marinella, prov. de Rome)

Au mois de septembre 2012, s’est poursuivie l’étude des ruines du balneum des Guardiole (zone A, secteurs 1 e 2 et sondage I) et des restes en mer visibles en section sur la portion de côte comprise entre « Torre Chiaruccia » et « Casale Alibrandi » (zone B). La zone A – secteur 1 : le balneum des Guardiole (responsable Sara Nardi Combescure) L’enquête conduite en septembre 2012 a été consacrée au nettoyage et à l’étude stratigraphique des murs du balneum, en particulier de la pièce 7, situé..