Operads, Symmetric Monoidal Categories, and Localizations

An operad can be thought of as a collection of operations, each with a finite number of inputs and a single output, along with a composition rule. We prove that the category of operads in an appropriate concrete symmetric monoidal category V is equivalent to a subcategory of symmetric monoidal categories enriched in V. Though versions of this result have appeared previously in the literature, we prove that a more restrictive subcategory is needed to construct the equivalence. Our subcategory has the advantage that its objects share important properties with the historical precursor to operads, PROPs. We also review a localization construction for operads, called the tree hammock localization. Using the above equivalence, we compare this construction to the hammock localization for categories. We believe that these two localization constructions should be suitably equivalent, and present ongoing work on this conjecture using simplicial categories and ∞-categories

The Obligation to Reforest Private Land Under the Washington Forest Practices Act

Private landowners in Washington have been required to reforest land after logging since 1945. The Washington Forest Practices Act of 1974 and its predecessor have primarily affected the state\u27s timber industry, which has long been familiar with the reforestation requirement. Many nonindustrial forest landowners, however, are unaware of the requirements of the 1974 Act. The 1974 Act requires that any owner of forest land who removes the trees for any reason, whether to log one hundred acres for income or to clear one acre for a homesite, must satisfy the reforestation requirements of the Act. Part I of this comment explains the requirements for satisfactory reforestation, the exceptions to those requirements, and how the obligation to reforest is enforced. Part II discusses a case recently before the Forest Practices Appeals Board to illustrate a current issue in enforcing the law and to illustrate a problem created by the effects of that enforcement. The enforcement issue is whether persons who acquire land that needs to be reforested are obligated to reforest the land. This comment concludes that they are obligated to reforest. The resulting problem is that persons who acquire land that needs to be reforested may be unaware of that requirement, and thus unable to allocate fairly the costs of reforestation in their transaction to acquire the land. One solution to the problem is amending the Act to improve the notice of the obligation to reforest that purchasers of land receive. Part III suggests criteria for evaluating legislative proposals requiring improved notice to subsequent landowners and concludes that sellers of forest land should be required to give purchasers actual notice of the obligation to reforest

Viewpoint: Helping the reading professional

Reading instruction has always been one of the primary goals of American education

The Obligation to Reforest Private Land Under the Washington Forest Practices Act

Private landowners in Washington have been required to reforest land after logging since 1945. The Washington Forest Practices Act of 1974 and its predecessor have primarily affected the state\u27s timber industry, which has long been familiar with the reforestation requirement. Many nonindustrial forest landowners, however, are unaware of the requirements of the 1974 Act. The 1974 Act requires that any owner of forest land who removes the trees for any reason, whether to log one hundred acres for income or to clear one acre for a homesite, must satisfy the reforestation requirements of the Act. Part I of this comment explains the requirements for satisfactory reforestation, the exceptions to those requirements, and how the obligation to reforest is enforced. Part II discusses a case recently before the Forest Practices Appeals Board to illustrate a current issue in enforcing the law and to illustrate a problem created by the effects of that enforcement. The enforcement issue is whether persons who acquire land that needs to be reforested are obligated to reforest the land. This comment concludes that they are obligated to reforest. The resulting problem is that persons who acquire land that needs to be reforested may be unaware of that requirement, and thus unable to allocate fairly the costs of reforestation in their transaction to acquire the land. One solution to the problem is amending the Act to improve the notice of the obligation to reforest that purchasers of land receive. Part III suggests criteria for evaluating legislative proposals requiring improved notice to subsequent landowners and concludes that sellers of forest land should be required to give purchasers actual notice of the obligation to reforest

City Dwellers Redefine What It Means to Be a Citizen

This research may help policymakers and community groups to better understand the needs of city dwellers in Canada. It highlights the benefits of continued activism and rights reform by citizens. Policymakers who are tackling issues like poverty and homelessness can use this research to co-ordinate their efforts more closely with housing activists, the homeless, and the public at large.York's Knowledge Mobilization Unit provides services and funding for faculty, graduate students, and community organizations seeking to maximize the impact of academic research and expertise on public policy, social programming, and professional practice. It is supported by SSHRC and CIHR grants, and by the Office of the Vice-President Research & Innovation. [email protected] www.researchimpact.c

Metabolically Healthy Obesity

Accumulating evidence suggests that not all obese subjects are at increased cardiometabolic risk and that the “metabolically healthy obese” phenotype may exist in the absence of metabolic abnormalities. Limited data regards the determinants of metabolically healthy obesity exist, particularly in relation to genetics, dietary and lifestyle behaviours. In light of the current obesity epidemic, it is clear that current “one size fits all” approaches to tackle obesity are largely unsuccessful. Whether dietary, lifestyle and/or therapeutic interventions, based on stratification of obese individuals according to their metabolic health phenotype, are more effective remains to be seen, with limited and conflicting data available. This book includes original research articles and reviews of the scientific literature that contribute to our understanding of the role of clinical, biological, genetic, and environmental factors in metabolically healthy and unhealthy obesity