L'exploration du Big Data par sa visualisation: application au projet GEoTweet

Une multitude de données sont créées grâce à différents outils. Cela va du message écrit sur un réseau social au dernier achat réalisé à l’épicerie de quartier. Toute action laisse une trace digitale. Des données peuvent également être créées passivement comme la récolte d’informations provenant d’un capteur GPS dans véhicule. Tout ceci génère une énorme quantité de données. On estime qu’en 2015, 90% des données mondiales ont été créées au cours des deux dernières années. Cette manne d’informations s’appelle le Big Data. Ces données permettent d’isoler des tendances comme les produits qui se vendent le mieux par période dans un supermarché ou les destinations qui attirent le plus de touristes en fonction de l’année. Pour répondre à ces questions, il est impensable devoir parcourir chaque enregistrement un à un. Il faut pouvoir trouver les visualiser pour, qu’en un coup d’oeil, on puisse donner à sens à nos informations. Ce travail a pour but de proposer des visualisations en fonction du type de données auquel nous sommes confrontés ou bien de ce que nous souhaitons afficher. Dans un second temps, nous nous pencherons plus en détail sur le projet « GEoTweet » qui a pour but d’utiliser l’énorme quantité données mises à disposition par Twitter. Il s’agit ici d’appliquer des méthodes de visualisations pour afficher des comportements d’utilisateur ou l’évolution de termes, comme les hashtags, grâce au Big Data généré par Twitter

PestiRed: A Swiss on-farm approach to reduce pesticide use in arable crops

Das Konzept des integrierten Pflanzenschutzes (IPM) hat sich erfolgreich bewährt. Allerdings ist es immer noch eine Herausforderung IPM Strategien erfolgreich umzusetzen. Darüber hinaus fehlen umfassende Untersuchungen zu Effekten und Wechselwirkungen kombinierter Verfahren im Verlauf gesamter Fruchtfolgen. Im Rahmen der Bemühungen den Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln (PSM) in der Schweizer Landwirtschaft zu reduzieren, wird der integrierte Pflanzenschutz im Ackerbau in einem mehrjährigen on-farm Projekt weiterentwickelt. Projektbeginn ist Herbst 2019. Ziel ist es, den PSM Einsatz um 75 % zu reduzieren, bei einem maximalen Ertragsverlust von 10 %. Es werden vorbeugende und alternative Maßnahmen umgesetzt, die vor allem natürliche Regulationsmechanismen von Schadorganismen (Pathogene, Schädlinge, Unkräuter) ausnutzen. Maßnahmen wie Zwischenfrüchte, Mischkulturen, Blühstreifen und biologische Bekämpfungsmittel werden in unterschiedlichen 6-jährigen Fruchtfolgen in einem Netzwerk von 75 landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben untersucht und umgesetzt. Es handelt sich um einen co-innovativen Ansatz, an dem Wissenschaftler, Landwirte und landwirtschaftliche Beratungsdienste in unterschiedlichen Regionen der Schweiz beteiligt sind. Die Wirksamkeit der Methoden auf Unkräuter, Krankheiten, Schädlinge und Nützlinge wird über alle Fruchtfolgen beobachtet und beurteilt.The concept of integrated pest management (IPM) has proven successful, however challenges in implementing IPM strategies remain. Furthermore, detailed investigations are needed to elucidate the performance and trade-offs of combined practices along entire crop rotations. In the framework of efforts to reduce the use of pesticides in Swiss agriculture, IPM in arable crops will be further developed in an on-farm project starting in autumn 2019. The overall aim of the project is to reduce pesticide use by 75% with a maximum yield loss of 10%. Preventive and alternative practices supporting natural control of noxious organisms (pathogens, pests, weeds) such as cover crops, intercropping, flower strips and biological control agents will be implemented and investigated in different 6-year crop rotations in a network involving 75 farms. The project involves scientists, farmers and extension services in a co-innovation process in five regions of the Swiss plateau. Effectiveness of the practices on weeds, diseases, pests and beneficials will be closely monitored and evaluated along the entire crop rotation

Holistic environmental assessment of High Nature Value farming systems in Europe

Many life cycle assessment (LCA) studies comparing environmental impacts of different beef production systems are incomplete as they exclude biodiversity impacts and soil carbon stock changes. This study aims to assess the environmental impact of ruminant production on semi-natural grasslands or so-called high nature value (HNV) farms at the European level. We collected data for 24 HNV farms in Europe (in Finland, Estonia and France). The studied farms are extensive beef, sheep and goat production systems. We used LCA to assess the potential environmental impact of HNV farms according to global warming potential (GWP100), eutrophication, fossil fuels and water use, by using the Solagro carbon calculator and OpenLCA software. Results showed that HNV farming systems have the potential to maintain unique biodiversity, act as carbon sinks, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce nutrient losses and water use while producing animal-derived food. There were significant differences between HNV farms among countries in their greenhouse gas emissions at the farm level (tCO2eq ha-1) and N inputs (kg N ha-1). Better regional understanding of the environmental impact performance of HNV farming systems in relation to sustainable ruminant production will be achieved as the undergoing study progresses.Peer reviewe

Measuring farmland biodiversity

About one-third of the world’s land surface is used for farming, a fact that bears important implications for biodiversity. In Europe, for instance, an estimated 50 percent of all wild species are reliant on agricultural habitats, while agricultural productivity often depends on the presence or absence of particular species. Despite this close coupling, surprisingly little is known about the status and evolution of farmland biodiversity. A team of European and African researchers, hoping to fill this gap in information, recently invented and piloted a new toolbox called the BioBio indicator set, which measures 23 different instances of biodiversity across a variety of farm types and scales in Europe. Applications were also tested in Tunisia, Ukraine, and Uganda, where they proved a feasible starting point for adaptation to the agricultural context of different countries

Betriebliche Bewirtschaftungsindikatoren für Biodiversität im Ökologischen Landbau und in extensiven Anbausystemen in Europa

Farming practices are the key to maintaining and restoring farmland biodiversity. Selected farm management indicators, regarded as scientifically sound, practicable and attractive to stakeholders, were tested against species indicators in various farm types in 12 case studies across Europe. A set of eight farm management indicators is recommended, reflecting the pressure on biodiversity by farm management via energy and nutrient input, mechanical operations, pesticide use and livestock

Indikatoren für die Vitalität von Lumbricus terrestris Populationen – Eine Anwendung von Partial Least Squares Pfadmodellen (PLS-PM) zur Analyse komplexer Zusammenhänge

Information on biodiversity and related population parameters are of key importance for assessing ecosystem services or impacts of management decisions in agriculture. However information on this parameters is often not directly measurable. Indicators are a convenient way to gain information on these variables. Here we present Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) to develop and evaluate complex indicators for biodiversity and related parameters. As an example we use data on Lumbricus terrestris from 76 plots on Bavarian mixed farms to create complex indicators for population viability, management intensity and site potential and model their causal relations

Development of a Space Bioreactor using Microtechnology

A miniature bio-reactor for the cultivation of cells aboard Spacelab is presented. Yeast cells are grown in a 3 milliliter reactor chamber. A supply of fresh nutrient medium is provided by a piezo-electric silicon micro-pump. In the reactor, pH, temperature, and redox potential are monitored and the pH is regulated at a constant value. The complete instrument is fitted in a standard experiment container of 63 x 63 x 85 mm. The bioreactor was used on the IML-2 mission in July 1994 and is being refurbished for a reflight in the spring of 1996

A pan-European model of landscape potential to support natural pest control services

Pest control by natural enemies (natural pest control) is an important regulating ecosystem service with significant implications for the sustainability of agro-ecosystems. The presence of semi-natural habitats and landscape heterogeneity are key determinants of the delivery of this service. However, to date, synthetic and consistent indicators at large scales are lacking. We developed a pan-European, spatially-explicit model to map and assess the landscape potential to sustain natural pest control. The model considers landscape composition in terms of semi-natural habitats types, abundance, spatial configuration and distance from the focal field. It combines recent high-resolution geospatial layers with empirical results from extensive field surveys measuring the specific contribution of different semi-natural habitats to support insects flying enemies providing natural pest control. The resulting maps facilitate a comparison of the relative biological control potential of different areas and show that currently a large proportion of high-productive agricultural areas in Europe has low potential. The obtained indicator can inform the formulation of policies and planning strategies aimed at increasing biodiversity and ecosystem services and can be used to assess trade-offs between different services. Potential fields of application include the Common Agricultural Policy and the EU Biodiversity Strategy, in particular the implementation of Green Infrastructure