54 research outputs found
Worldwide comparison of survival from childhood leukaemia for 1995â2009, by subtype, age, and sex (CONCORD-2): a population-based study of individual data for 89â828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries
Background Global inequalities in access to health care are reflected in differences in cancer survival. The CONCORD programme was designed to assess worldwide differences and trends in population-based cancer survival. In this population-based study, we aimed to estimate survival inequalities globally for several subtypes of childhood leukaemia.
Methods Cancer registries participating in CONCORD were asked to submit tumour registrations for all children aged 0-14 years who were diagnosed with leukaemia between Jan 1, 1995, and Dec 31, 2009, and followed up until Dec 31, 2009. Haematological malignancies were defined by morphology codes in the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third revision. We excluded data from registries from which the data were judged to be less reliable, or included only lymphomas, and data from countries in which data for fewer than ten children were available for analysis. We also excluded records because of a missing date of birth, diagnosis, or last known vital status. We estimated 5-year net survival (ie, the probability of surviving at least 5 years after diagnosis, after controlling for deaths from other causes [background mortality]) for children by calendar period of diagnosis (1995-99, 2000-04, and 2005-09), sex, and age at diagnosis (< 1, 1-4, 5-9, and 10-14 years, inclusive) using appropriate life tables. We estimated age-standardised net survival for international comparison of survival trends for precursor-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).
Findings We analysed data from 89 828 children from 198 registries in 53 countries. During 1995-99, 5-year agestandardised net survival for all lymphoid leukaemias combined ranged from 10.6% (95% CI 3.1-18.2) in the Chinese registries to 86.8% (81.6-92.0) in Austria. International differences in 5-year survival for childhood leukaemia were still large as recently as 2005-09, when age-standardised survival for lymphoid leukaemias ranged from 52.4% (95% CI 42.8-61.9) in Cali, Colombia, to 91.6% (89.5-93.6) in the German registries, and for AML ranged from 33.3% (18.9-47.7) in Bulgaria to 78.2% (72.0-84.3) in German registries. Survival from precursor-cell ALL was very close to that of all lymphoid leukaemias combined, with similar variation. In most countries, survival from AML improved more than survival from ALL between 2000-04 and 2005-09. Survival for each type of leukaemia varied markedly with age: survival was highest for children aged 1-4 and 5-9 years, and lowest for infants (younger than 1 year). There was no systematic difference in survival between boys and girls.
Interpretation Global inequalities in survival from childhood leukaemia have narrowed with time but remain very wide for both ALL and AML. These results provide useful information for health policy makers on the effectiveness of health-care systems and for cancer policy makers to reduce inequalities in childhood survival
Global surveillance of cancer survival 1995-2009: analysis of individual data for 25,676,887 patients from 279 population-based registries in 67 countries (CONCORD-2)
BACKGROUND:
Worldwide data for cancer survival are scarce. We aimed to initiate worldwide surveillance of cancer survival by central analysis of population-based registry data, as a metric of the effectiveness of health systems, and to inform global policy on cancer control.
METHODS:
Individual tumour records were submitted by 279 population-based cancer registries in 67 countries for 25·7 million adults (age 15-99 years) and 75,000 children (age 0-14 years) diagnosed with cancer during 1995-2009 and followed up to Dec 31, 2009, or later. We looked at cancers of the stomach, colon, rectum, liver, lung, breast (women), cervix, ovary, and prostate in adults, and adult and childhood leukaemia. Standardised quality control procedures were applied; errors were corrected by the registry concerned. We estimated 5-year net survival, adjusted for background mortality in every country or region by age (single year), sex, and calendar year, and by race or ethnic origin in some countries. Estimates were age-standardised with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights.
FINDINGS:
5-year survival from colon, rectal, and breast cancers has increased steadily in most developed countries. For patients diagnosed during 2005-09, survival for colon and rectal cancer reached 60% or more in 22 countries around the world; for breast cancer, 5-year survival rose to 85% or higher in 17 countries worldwide. Liver and lung cancer remain lethal in all nations: for both cancers, 5-year survival is below 20% everywhere in Europe, in the range 15-19% in North America, and as low as 7-9% in Mongolia and Thailand. Striking rises in 5-year survival from prostate cancer have occurred in many countries: survival rose by 10-20% between 1995-99 and 2005-09 in 22 countries in South America, Asia, and Europe, but survival still varies widely around the world, from less than 60% in Bulgaria and Thailand to 95% or more in Brazil, Puerto Rico, and the USA. For cervical cancer, national estimates of 5-year survival range from less than 50% to more than 70%; regional variations are much wider, and improvements between 1995-99 and 2005-09 have generally been slight. For women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 2005-09, 5-year survival was 40% or higher only in Ecuador, the USA, and 17 countries in Asia and Europe. 5-year survival for stomach cancer in 2005-09 was high (54-58%) in Japan and South Korea, compared with less than 40% in other countries. By contrast, 5-year survival from adult leukaemia in Japan and South Korea (18-23%) is lower than in most other countries. 5-year survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is less than 60% in several countries, but as high as 90% in Canada and four European countries, which suggests major deficiencies in the management of a largely curable disease.
INTERPRETATION:
International comparison of survival trends reveals very wide differences that are likely to be attributable to differences in access to early diagnosis and optimum treatment. Continuous worldwide surveillance of cancer survival should become an indispensable source of information for cancer patients and researchers and a stimulus for politicians to improve health policy and health-care systems
The histology of ovarian cancer: worldwide distribution and implications for international survival comparisons (CONCORD-2)
Objective Ovarian cancers comprise several histologically distinct tumour groups with widely different prognosis. We aimed to describe the worldwide distribution of ovarian cancer histology and to understand what role this may play in international variation in survival. Methods The CONCORD programme is the largest population-based study of global trends in cancer survival. Data on 681,759 women diagnosed during 1995Ăą\u80\u932009 with cancer of the ovary, fallopian tube, peritoneum and retroperitonum in 51 countries were included. We categorised ovarian tumours into six histological groups, and explored the worldwide distribution of histology. Results During 2005Ăą\u80\u932009, type II epithelial tumours were the most common. The proportion was much higher in Oceania (73.1%), North America (73.0%) and Europe (72.6%) than in Central and South America (65.7%) and Asia (56.1%). By contrast, type I epithelial tumours were more common in Asia (32.5%), compared with only 19.4% in North America. From 1995 to 2009, the proportion of type II epithelial tumours increased from 68.6% to 71.1%, while the proportion of type I epithelial tumours fell from 23.8% to 21.2%. The proportions of germ cell tumours, sex cord-stromal tumours, other specific non-epithelial tumours and tumours of non-specific morphology all remained stable over time. Conclusions The distribution of ovarian cancer histology varies widely worldwide. Type I epithelial, germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumours are generally associated with higher survival than type II tumours, so the proportion of these tumours may influence survival estimates for all ovarian cancers combined. The distribution of histological groups should be considered when comparing survival between countries and regions
Vampires in the village Ćœrnovo on the island of KorÄula: following an archival document from the 18th century
SrediĆĄnja tema rada usmjerena je na raĆĄÄlambu spisa pohranjenog u DrĆŸavnom arhivu u Mlecima (fond: Capi del Consiglio deâ Dieci: Lettere di Rettori e di altre cariche) koji se odnosi na dogaÄaj iz 1748. godine u korÄulanskom selu Ćœrnovo, kada su mjeĆĄtani â vjerujuÄi da su se pojavili vampiri â oskvrnuli nekoliko mjesnih grobova. U radu se podrobno iznose osnovni podaci iz spisa te reÄeni dogaÄaj analizira u ĆĄirem druĆĄtvenom kontekstu i prate se lokalna vjerovanja.The main interest of this essay is the analysis of the document from the State Archive in Venice (file: Capi del Consiglio deâ Dieci: Lettere di Rettori e di altre cariche) which is connected with the episode from 1748 when the inhabitants of the village Ćœrnove on the island of KorÄula in Croatia opened tombs on the local cemetery in the fear of the vampires treating.
This essay try to show some social circumstances connected with this event as well as a local vernacular tradition concerning superstitions
Design and testing of hybrid InP/Si photonic integrated components/circuits for LIDAR applications
Le dĂ©veloppement de systĂšmes intelligents pour les applications automobilesnĂ©cessite des capteurs de haute prĂ©cision pour capter des environnements dynamiques.La course aux vĂ©hicules entiĂšrement autonomes a dĂ©jĂ commencĂ©, et la fusion dedonnĂ©es multicapteurs est considĂ©rĂ©e comme la solution ultime pour une perceptionperformante de lâenvironnement. Le LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) produit des nuages de points 3D Ă haute rĂ©solution qui complĂštent et surmontent leslimites auxquelles les camĂ©ras et les systĂšmes RADAR font face. Le LIDAR FMCWoffre plusieurs avantages par rapport aux autres architectures LIDAR, dont des informations sur la vitesse de l'objet, une plus grande sensibilitĂ© et une immunitĂ©au bruit de fond grĂące Ă une dĂ©tection cohĂ©rente. NĂ©anmoins, les LIDAR commerciaux actuels sont encombrants et sujets Ă des dĂ©faillances mĂ©caniques,ce qui empĂȘche leur dĂ©ploiement massif dans les systĂšmes embarquĂ©s oĂč un hautniveau de parallĂ©lisme est nĂ©cessaire. Par consĂ©quent, lâintĂ©gration du LIDAR surune puce photonique pouvant ĂȘtre produite en masse est hautement souhaitable. Il est intĂ©ressant de noter que lâindustrie des communications de donnĂ©es a poursuivi le mĂȘme objectif au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. En tirant parti dâune industrie CMOS mature, les composants Ă fibres optiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©duits en taille pour produire des circuits optiques intĂ©grĂ©s en photonique sur silicium. Cependant, les architectures LIDAR et les circuits optiques nĂ©cessitent des sources laser et des amplificateurs, mais le silicium nâest pas un milieu Ă gain favorable. A lâinverse, les matĂ©riaux composĂ©s III-V sont connus pour produire des sources laser et des amplificateurs optiques Ă semi-conducteurs (SOA) trĂšs efficaces. Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont d'Ă©tudier les bĂ©nĂ©fices et les dĂ©fis liĂ©s Ă lâintĂ©gration dâun systĂšme LIDAR FMCW sur une puce III-V/Si.L'approche suivie est basĂ©e sur trois phases : la modĂ©lisation du systĂšme LIDAR FMCW, la conception de composants et circuits et la vĂ©rification des performances par la caractĂ©risation.Tout dâabord, nous prĂ©sentons une vue dâensemble des architectures LIDAR,des mesures de performance et des mĂ©thodes de balayage avec une comparaisonentre le rĂ©seau optique Ă commande de phase (OPA) et le rĂ©seau Ă commutationsituĂ© dans le plan focal (FPSA). LâintĂ©gration sur puce des systĂšmes LIDAR FMCW est ensuite prĂ©sentĂ©e, dans le but dâamĂ©liorer leur encombrement et leur consommation Ă©nergĂ©tique. Cette partie souligne lâintĂ©rĂȘt du LIDAR FMCW pour les applications LIDAR automobiles ainsi que le diffĂ©rentiateur clĂ© de la plateforme dâintĂ©gration III-V/Si. Un ensemble de spĂ©cifications pour un LIDAR automobile est finalement prĂ©sentĂ©. Sur la base de ces considĂ©rations, un modĂšle numĂ©rique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour relier les performances du systĂšme LIDAR FMCW aux spĂ©cifications des composants photoniques en silicium. Nous montrons Ă©galement par des simulations que lâalgorithme dâestimation de distance et vitesse peut ĂȘtre modifiĂ© pour dĂ©tecter des cibles au-delĂ de la longueur de cohĂ©rence avec une bonne prĂ©cision. Ensuite, nous prĂ©sentons la rĂ©alisation des composants et des circuits du LIDAR FMCW, comprenant le layout et la caractĂ©risation. Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une tuile LIDAR FMCW Ă Ă©metteur/rĂ©cepteur unique comprenant un rĂ©cepteur cohĂ©rent et un SOA en III-V/Si fonctionnant entre 20-60 °C. Nous avons Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ© la source LIDAR FMCW en mesurant la largeur de raie etla linĂ©aritĂ© du chirp. Une unitĂ© de balayage de faisceau FPSA a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour Ă©valuer les performances du commutateur. Enfin, nous partageons nos perspectives pour construire un dĂ©monstrateur LIDAR FMCW intĂ©grĂ© pour des applicationsautomobiles.The development of intelligent systems for automotive applications requires high precision sensors to capture dynamic environments. The race to fully autonomousvehicles has already started, and multi-sensor fusion is foreseen as the ultimate solution for high performance environment perception. Light Detection And Ranging(LIDAR) produces high-resolution 3D point clouds that complement and overcomethe limitations of cameras and RADAR systems. Frequency-Modulated ContinuousWave (FMCW) LIDAR offers several advantages over other LIDAR architectures,including velocity information of the object, higher sensitivity, and background immunitydue to coherent detection. Nevertheless, todayâs commercial LIDAR are bulky and prone to mechanical failure, preventing their mass deployment inembedded systems where high level of parallelism is needed. Hence, the integrationof LIDAR on a low-cost and mass producible photonic chip is highly desirable. Interestingly, the data communication industry has pursued the same objective over thepast decades. By leveraging the mature CMOS industry, optical fibered componentshave been shrunk down to produce silicon photonics integrated transceivers. However, LIDAR and transceiver architectures require laser sources and amplifiers, butsilicon is not an efficient gain medium. On the contrary, III-V material is known forproducing very efficient laser sources and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA).Scintil Photonics integration platform has the key advantage of integrating III-V onsilicon. This PhD dissertation investigates the challenges related to integration anFMCW LIDAR system on III-V/Si chip.Our approach to answer this problem is based on three phases: FMCW LIDARsystem modelization, design/layout realization of circuits and components and performance verification through characterization.First, we present an overview of LIDAR architectures, performance metrics andscanning methods with a comparison between Optical Phased Array (OPA) andFocal Plane Switch Array (FPSA). We also describe the chip-scale integration ofFMCW LIDAR systems to improve the footprint, the weight, the cost, and thepower consumption. This part highlights the interest of FMCW LIDAR for low-cost automotive LIDAR applications and the key differentiator of the III-V/Si integration platform. A set of automotive LIDAR specifications is finally presented.Based on these considerations, we provide a numerical model to link the FMCWLIDAR system performances with the silicon photonic component specifications.We also show through simulations that the range and velocity estimation algorithmcan be modified to detects targets beyond the laser coherence length with a goodprecision. Then, we present the realization FMCW LIDAR components and circuitsincluding layout and characterizations. We realized a single transmitter/receiverFMCW LIDAR tile comprising a coherent receiver and a III-V/Si SOA operatingin a temperature range between 20-60 °C. We also investigated the FMCW LIDARsource with linewidth and chirp linearity measurements. A small-scale FPSA beamscanning unit was realized to assess the switch performances. Finally, the perspectives to build an integrated FMCW LIDAR demonstrator for automotiveapplications are shared
Conception et test de composants/circuits photoniques intégrés hybrides InP/Si pour applications LIDAR
The development of intelligent systems for automotive applications requires high precision sensors to capture dynamic environments. The race to fully autonomousvehicles has already started, and multi-sensor fusion is foreseen as the ultimate solution for high performance environment perception. Light Detection And Ranging(LIDAR) produces high-resolution 3D point clouds that complement and overcomethe limitations of cameras and RADAR systems. Frequency-Modulated ContinuousWave (FMCW) LIDAR offers several advantages over other LIDAR architectures,including velocity information of the object, higher sensitivity, and background immunitydue to coherent detection. Nevertheless, todayâs commercial LIDAR are bulky and prone to mechanical failure, preventing their mass deployment inembedded systems where high level of parallelism is needed. Hence, the integrationof LIDAR on a low-cost and mass producible photonic chip is highly desirable. Interestingly, the data communication industry has pursued the same objective over thepast decades. By leveraging the mature CMOS industry, optical fibered componentshave been shrunk down to produce silicon photonics integrated transceivers. However, LIDAR and transceiver architectures require laser sources and amplifiers, butsilicon is not an efficient gain medium. On the contrary, III-V material is known forproducing very efficient laser sources and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA).Scintil Photonics integration platform has the key advantage of integrating III-V onsilicon. This PhD dissertation investigates the challenges related to integration anFMCW LIDAR system on III-V/Si chip.Our approach to answer this problem is based on three phases: FMCW LIDARsystem modelization, design/layout realization of circuits and components and performance verification through characterization.First, we present an overview of LIDAR architectures, performance metrics andscanning methods with a comparison between Optical Phased Array (OPA) andFocal Plane Switch Array (FPSA). We also describe the chip-scale integration ofFMCW LIDAR systems to improve the footprint, the weight, the cost, and thepower consumption. This part highlights the interest of FMCW LIDAR for low-cost automotive LIDAR applications and the key differentiator of the III-V/Si integration platform. A set of automotive LIDAR specifications is finally presented.Based on these considerations, we provide a numerical model to link the FMCWLIDAR system performances with the silicon photonic component specifications.We also show through simulations that the range and velocity estimation algorithmcan be modified to detects targets beyond the laser coherence length with a goodprecision. Then, we present the realization FMCW LIDAR components and circuitsincluding layout and characterizations. We realized a single transmitter/receiverFMCW LIDAR tile comprising a coherent receiver and a III-V/Si SOA operatingin a temperature range between 20-60 °C. We also investigated the FMCW LIDARsource with linewidth and chirp linearity measurements. A small-scale FPSA beamscanning unit was realized to assess the switch performances. Finally, the perspectives to build an integrated FMCW LIDAR demonstrator for automotiveapplications are shared.Le dĂ©veloppement de systĂšmes intelligents pour les applications automobilesnĂ©cessite des capteurs de haute prĂ©cision pour capter des environnements dynamiques.La course aux vĂ©hicules entiĂšrement autonomes a dĂ©jĂ commencĂ©, et la fusion dedonnĂ©es multicapteurs est considĂ©rĂ©e comme la solution ultime pour une perceptionperformante de lâenvironnement. Le LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) produit des nuages de points 3D Ă haute rĂ©solution qui complĂštent et surmontent leslimites auxquelles les camĂ©ras et les systĂšmes RADAR font face. Le LIDAR FMCWoffre plusieurs avantages par rapport aux autres architectures LIDAR, dont des informations sur la vitesse de l'objet, une plus grande sensibilitĂ© et une immunitĂ©au bruit de fond grĂące Ă une dĂ©tection cohĂ©rente. NĂ©anmoins, les LIDAR commerciaux actuels sont encombrants et sujets Ă des dĂ©faillances mĂ©caniques,ce qui empĂȘche leur dĂ©ploiement massif dans les systĂšmes embarquĂ©s oĂč un hautniveau de parallĂ©lisme est nĂ©cessaire. Par consĂ©quent, lâintĂ©gration du LIDAR surune puce photonique pouvant ĂȘtre produite en masse est hautement souhaitable. Il est intĂ©ressant de noter que lâindustrie des communications de donnĂ©es a poursuivi le mĂȘme objectif au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. En tirant parti dâune industrie CMOS mature, les composants Ă fibres optiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©duits en taille pour produire des circuits optiques intĂ©grĂ©s en photonique sur silicium. Cependant, les architectures LIDAR et les circuits optiques nĂ©cessitent des sources laser et des amplificateurs, mais le silicium nâest pas un milieu Ă gain favorable. A lâinverse, les matĂ©riaux composĂ©s III-V sont connus pour produire des sources laser et des amplificateurs optiques Ă semi-conducteurs (SOA) trĂšs efficaces. Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont d'Ă©tudier les bĂ©nĂ©fices et les dĂ©fis liĂ©s Ă lâintĂ©gration dâun systĂšme LIDAR FMCW sur une puce III-V/Si.L'approche suivie est basĂ©e sur trois phases : la modĂ©lisation du systĂšme LIDAR FMCW, la conception de composants et circuits et la vĂ©rification des performances par la caractĂ©risation.Tout dâabord, nous prĂ©sentons une vue dâensemble des architectures LIDAR,des mesures de performance et des mĂ©thodes de balayage avec une comparaisonentre le rĂ©seau optique Ă commande de phase (OPA) et le rĂ©seau Ă commutationsituĂ© dans le plan focal (FPSA). LâintĂ©gration sur puce des systĂšmes LIDAR FMCW est ensuite prĂ©sentĂ©e, dans le but dâamĂ©liorer leur encombrement et leur consommation Ă©nergĂ©tique. Cette partie souligne lâintĂ©rĂȘt du LIDAR FMCW pour les applications LIDAR automobiles ainsi que le diffĂ©rentiateur clĂ© de la plateforme dâintĂ©gration III-V/Si. Un ensemble de spĂ©cifications pour un LIDAR automobile est finalement prĂ©sentĂ©. Sur la base de ces considĂ©rations, un modĂšle numĂ©rique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour relier les performances du systĂšme LIDAR FMCW aux spĂ©cifications des composants photoniques en silicium. Nous montrons Ă©galement par des simulations que lâalgorithme dâestimation de distance et vitesse peut ĂȘtre modifiĂ© pour dĂ©tecter des cibles au-delĂ de la longueur de cohĂ©rence avec une bonne prĂ©cision. Ensuite, nous prĂ©sentons la rĂ©alisation des composants et des circuits du LIDAR FMCW, comprenant le layout et la caractĂ©risation. Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une tuile LIDAR FMCW Ă Ă©metteur/rĂ©cepteur unique comprenant un rĂ©cepteur cohĂ©rent et un SOA en III-V/Si fonctionnant entre 20-60 °C. Nous avons Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ© la source LIDAR FMCW en mesurant la largeur de raie etla linĂ©aritĂ© du chirp. Une unitĂ© de balayage de faisceau FPSA a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour Ă©valuer les performances du commutateur. Enfin, nous partageons nos perspectives pour construire un dĂ©monstrateur LIDAR FMCW intĂ©grĂ© pour des applicationsautomobiles
Conception et test de composants/circuits photoniques intégrés hybrides InP/Si pour applications LIDAR
The development of intelligent systems for automotive applications requires high precision sensors to capture dynamic environments. The race to fully autonomousvehicles has already started, and multi-sensor fusion is foreseen as the ultimate solution for high performance environment perception. Light Detection And Ranging(LIDAR) produces high-resolution 3D point clouds that complement and overcomethe limitations of cameras and RADAR systems. Frequency-Modulated ContinuousWave (FMCW) LIDAR offers several advantages over other LIDAR architectures,including velocity information of the object, higher sensitivity, and background immunitydue to coherent detection. Nevertheless, todayâs commercial LIDAR are bulky and prone to mechanical failure, preventing their mass deployment inembedded systems where high level of parallelism is needed. Hence, the integrationof LIDAR on a low-cost and mass producible photonic chip is highly desirable. Interestingly, the data communication industry has pursued the same objective over thepast decades. By leveraging the mature CMOS industry, optical fibered componentshave been shrunk down to produce silicon photonics integrated transceivers. However, LIDAR and transceiver architectures require laser sources and amplifiers, butsilicon is not an efficient gain medium. On the contrary, III-V material is known forproducing very efficient laser sources and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA).Scintil Photonics integration platform has the key advantage of integrating III-V onsilicon. This PhD dissertation investigates the challenges related to integration anFMCW LIDAR system on III-V/Si chip.Our approach to answer this problem is based on three phases: FMCW LIDARsystem modelization, design/layout realization of circuits and components and performance verification through characterization.First, we present an overview of LIDAR architectures, performance metrics andscanning methods with a comparison between Optical Phased Array (OPA) andFocal Plane Switch Array (FPSA). We also describe the chip-scale integration ofFMCW LIDAR systems to improve the footprint, the weight, the cost, and thepower consumption. This part highlights the interest of FMCW LIDAR for low-cost automotive LIDAR applications and the key differentiator of the III-V/Si integration platform. A set of automotive LIDAR specifications is finally presented.Based on these considerations, we provide a numerical model to link the FMCWLIDAR system performances with the silicon photonic component specifications.We also show through simulations that the range and velocity estimation algorithmcan be modified to detects targets beyond the laser coherence length with a goodprecision. Then, we present the realization FMCW LIDAR components and circuitsincluding layout and characterizations. We realized a single transmitter/receiverFMCW LIDAR tile comprising a coherent receiver and a III-V/Si SOA operatingin a temperature range between 20-60 °C. We also investigated the FMCW LIDARsource with linewidth and chirp linearity measurements. A small-scale FPSA beamscanning unit was realized to assess the switch performances. Finally, the perspectives to build an integrated FMCW LIDAR demonstrator for automotiveapplications are shared.Le dĂ©veloppement de systĂšmes intelligents pour les applications automobilesnĂ©cessite des capteurs de haute prĂ©cision pour capter des environnements dynamiques.La course aux vĂ©hicules entiĂšrement autonomes a dĂ©jĂ commencĂ©, et la fusion dedonnĂ©es multicapteurs est considĂ©rĂ©e comme la solution ultime pour une perceptionperformante de lâenvironnement. Le LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) produit des nuages de points 3D Ă haute rĂ©solution qui complĂštent et surmontent leslimites auxquelles les camĂ©ras et les systĂšmes RADAR font face. Le LIDAR FMCWoffre plusieurs avantages par rapport aux autres architectures LIDAR, dont des informations sur la vitesse de l'objet, une plus grande sensibilitĂ© et une immunitĂ©au bruit de fond grĂące Ă une dĂ©tection cohĂ©rente. NĂ©anmoins, les LIDAR commerciaux actuels sont encombrants et sujets Ă des dĂ©faillances mĂ©caniques,ce qui empĂȘche leur dĂ©ploiement massif dans les systĂšmes embarquĂ©s oĂč un hautniveau de parallĂ©lisme est nĂ©cessaire. Par consĂ©quent, lâintĂ©gration du LIDAR surune puce photonique pouvant ĂȘtre produite en masse est hautement souhaitable. Il est intĂ©ressant de noter que lâindustrie des communications de donnĂ©es a poursuivi le mĂȘme objectif au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies. En tirant parti dâune industrie CMOS mature, les composants Ă fibres optiques ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©duits en taille pour produire des circuits optiques intĂ©grĂ©s en photonique sur silicium. Cependant, les architectures LIDAR et les circuits optiques nĂ©cessitent des sources laser et des amplificateurs, mais le silicium nâest pas un milieu Ă gain favorable. A lâinverse, les matĂ©riaux composĂ©s III-V sont connus pour produire des sources laser et des amplificateurs optiques Ă semi-conducteurs (SOA) trĂšs efficaces. Les objectifs de cette thĂšse sont d'Ă©tudier les bĂ©nĂ©fices et les dĂ©fis liĂ©s Ă lâintĂ©gration dâun systĂšme LIDAR FMCW sur une puce III-V/Si.L'approche suivie est basĂ©e sur trois phases : la modĂ©lisation du systĂšme LIDAR FMCW, la conception de composants et circuits et la vĂ©rification des performances par la caractĂ©risation.Tout dâabord, nous prĂ©sentons une vue dâensemble des architectures LIDAR,des mesures de performance et des mĂ©thodes de balayage avec une comparaisonentre le rĂ©seau optique Ă commande de phase (OPA) et le rĂ©seau Ă commutationsituĂ© dans le plan focal (FPSA). LâintĂ©gration sur puce des systĂšmes LIDAR FMCW est ensuite prĂ©sentĂ©e, dans le but dâamĂ©liorer leur encombrement et leur consommation Ă©nergĂ©tique. Cette partie souligne lâintĂ©rĂȘt du LIDAR FMCW pour les applications LIDAR automobiles ainsi que le diffĂ©rentiateur clĂ© de la plateforme dâintĂ©gration III-V/Si. Un ensemble de spĂ©cifications pour un LIDAR automobile est finalement prĂ©sentĂ©. Sur la base de ces considĂ©rations, un modĂšle numĂ©rique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour relier les performances du systĂšme LIDAR FMCW aux spĂ©cifications des composants photoniques en silicium. Nous montrons Ă©galement par des simulations que lâalgorithme dâestimation de distance et vitesse peut ĂȘtre modifiĂ© pour dĂ©tecter des cibles au-delĂ de la longueur de cohĂ©rence avec une bonne prĂ©cision. Ensuite, nous prĂ©sentons la rĂ©alisation des composants et des circuits du LIDAR FMCW, comprenant le layout et la caractĂ©risation. Nous avons rĂ©alisĂ© une tuile LIDAR FMCW Ă Ă©metteur/rĂ©cepteur unique comprenant un rĂ©cepteur cohĂ©rent et un SOA en III-V/Si fonctionnant entre 20-60 °C. Nous avons Ă©galement Ă©tudiĂ© la source LIDAR FMCW en mesurant la largeur de raie etla linĂ©aritĂ© du chirp. Une unitĂ© de balayage de faisceau FPSA a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e pour Ă©valuer les performances du commutateur. Enfin, nous partageons nos perspectives pour construire un dĂ©monstrateur LIDAR FMCW intĂ©grĂ© pour des applicationsautomobiles
FMCW LIDAR Range and Velocity Estimation Beyond the Laser Coherence
International audienceFrequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) LIDAR is a promising technology for high precision 3D sensing applications. However, due to laser phase noise, these systems are usually restricted to target detection below 100 m. In this paper, we present a digital signal processing technique to extend the target range and velocity estimations beyond the laser coherence length. This technique is tested over realistic data from a Monte Carlo model
Synthesis and antimalarial activity of 2-methoxyprop-2-yl peroxides derivatives
International audience2-Methoxyprop-2-yl peroxides were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum. These acyclic artemisinin-related peroxides revealed moderate to good activity but were devoided of alkylating property towards the synthetic model of haeme Mn II-TPP
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