Políticas de avaliação da educação escolar brasileira : ensaios dialéticos sobre a literacia matemática no pisa/ocde

Orientadora: Profª Drª Maria Tereza Carneiro SoaresTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Defesa: Curitiba, 31/03/2016Inclui referências : f. 32-33;47-48;79-80;106-107Resumo: A presente pesquisa, de natureza conceitual e bibliográfica, procurou sistematizar o Campo da Literacia e seu desenvolvimento na Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico/OCDE e, finalmente, sua expressão no Programa Internacional de Avaliação de Alunos/PISA, como parte integrante das Políticas Educacionais de Avaliação externa da escola. A pesquisa - Políticas de Avaliação da Educação Escolar Brasileira: ensaios dialéticos sobre a literacia matemática no PISA/OCDE - está interessada em estudar, descrever, compreender e avaliar os pressupostos ontológicos e epistemológicos do conceito de Literacia, como unidade da realidade objetiva. A dialética do lógico e do histórico, e, ao mesmo tempo, da parte e do todo, da concretude e da abstratividade, da unidade e da identidade, serão reveladas na sua totalidade no produto da materialidade - Políticas de Avaliação da Educação Escolarque será expresso por meio do conceito de Literacia Matemática no PISA/OCDE. O foco é conhecer a sua estrutura e dinâmica, ou ainda, o seu movimento externo (aparência) e interno (essência). As quatro unidades de estudo - ensaios dialéticos - representam, de forma ideal, este movimento. As avaliações externas da escola: o método dialético como forma de apreender o objeto de estudo - revela a aplicação do método marxista ao objeto de estudo, colocando-o à luz do Materialismo Histórico-Dialético. Categorias fundamentais e secundárias à análise do conceito de literacia e literacia matemática - exprime as determinações da existência das Avaliações Externas da Escola e sua expressão no conceito de literacia, apresentando sua gênese e desenvolvimento, assim como sua estrutura e funcionamento na organização atual das Políticas Educacionais de Avaliação expressas em programas internacionais de avaliação. A Literacia Matemática no PISA/OCDE e a Matemática Escolar: testagem padronizada e avaliação - enfoca três dimensões relacionadas entre si: o que é resolver problemas segundo os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da OCDE/PISA, a resolução de problemas como um momento da Literacia Matemática e a resolução de problemas na Matemática escolar. Ao final, O Campo Teórico da Literacia -, especialmente, da Literacia Matemática no PISA/OCDE, revela os momentos de interação entre os três primeiros estudos nesta tese. Esse todo articulado, que não é uma sistematização que se procede por soma, mas sim uma correlação dialética nos fornece a síntese conclusiva do trabalho. Palavras-chave: Políticas Educacionais de Avaliação. Programa Internacional de Avaliação. Literacia. Literacia Matemática. PISA/OCDEAbstract: This research, based on conceptual and bibliographical methodologies, aims to systematize the field of Literacy and its development in OECD - Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, and eventually its results in PISA - Program for International Student Assessment, which integrates the Educational Politics for School Assessment. Thus, the project Politics for Educational Scholar Assessment: dialectic essays on mathematical literacy in PISA/OECD aims to study, describe, understand and evaluate the ontological and epistemological assumptions of Literacy as an objective reality. Furthermore, the concepts of dialectic applied to logics and history, as well as, the part and the whole, of concreteness and abstractness, of unity and identity, they will all be revealed here through the materiality of the Educational Politics for Assessment created by OECD. The result of this materiality will be presented by the concept of Mathematical Literacy employed in PISA/OECD, as a way to understand its structure and dynamics, and also its external movement (appearance) and internal movement (essence). The research is divided in four units (the dialectic essays) that represent, ideally, such movements. External assessment in schools: the dialectical method as a possibility to catch the study object - presents the Marxist method applied to object research and its literature reviewed under the Historical-Dialectical Materialism. Elementary and secondary categories to literacy and mathematical literacy concepts analysis - show the categories that express the ways of being, the determinations of External Assessments in Schools, and its relation with the concept of literacy. It also presents the genesis and development of external assessments, as well as its structure and how it works in the current Educational Politics for Assessment. Mathematical literacy in PISA/OECD and scholar mathematics: standardized testing and assessment - focus on three dimensions: the definition of problem solving according to the theoretical-methodological assumptions of PISA/OECD; problem solving as a moment of Mathematical Literacy; and problem solving in scholar mathematics. The last essay - The theoretical field of Literacy -, which regards mainly mathematical literacy in PISA/OECD, presents the intersectional points amongst the previous researches that constitute this thesis. As a whole, this research synthesizes its development not as a result of a sum operation, but as a dialectical correlation amongst the concepts here presented. Keywords: Educational Politics for Assessment. International Assessment. PISA/OECD. Literacy. Mathematical Literacy

Unusual HLA typing in celiac disease.

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Tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes as an efficient source of highly specific immunoglobulins recognizing tumor cells

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>There is much evidence that tumor cells elicit a humoral immune response in patients. In most cases, the presence of antibodies in peripheral blood is detected only in small proportion of patients with tumors overexpressing the corresponding antigen. In the present study, we analyzed the significance of local humoral response provided by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The ability of a patient's immune system to produce specific antibodies inside tumor tissue, capable of recognizing tumor cells, was explored through analysis of the oligoclonality of antibodies derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and construction of a series of recombinant antibody libraries in scFv format, derived from breast tumor-infiltrating B lymphocytes. These libraries and one from peripheral blood lymphocytes of a single breast cancer patient were panned against three purified surface tumor antigens, such as CEA, MUC1 and ED-B domain, and against intact MCF7 breast carcinoma cells.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Application of novel display vector, pKM19, allowed isolation of a large panel of breast cancer-specific antibodies against known tumor antigens, as well as against breast carcinoma cells. Reactivity of novel scFvs was confirmed by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence staining and flow cytometry. We demonstrated that seven of ten primary breast tumor specimens, obtained using discarded surgical material, could be exploited as an appropriate source for generation of phage display libraries, giving highly specific antitumor antibodies which recognize heterologous tumor cells.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Local humoral immune response within tumor tissue in breast cancer patients frequently has an oligoclonal character. Efficient selection of specific antitumor antibodies from recombinant antibody libraries, derived from such oligoclonal tumor-infiltrated B lymphocytes, indicates the presence of natural immune response against tumor antigens in these patients. The described method is very promising for development of antitumor antibodies, potentially useful for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.</p

Synthesis and preliminary in vitro evaluation of DOTA-Tenatumomab conjugates for theranostic applications in tenascin expressing tumors

Tenatumomab is an anti-tenascin murine monoclonal antibody previously used in clinical trials for delivering radionuclides to tumors by both pre-targeting (biotinylated Tenatumomab within PAGRIT) and direct 131Iodine labeling approaches. Here we present the synthesis and in vitro characterization of three Tenatumomab con-jugates to bifunctional chelating agents (NHS-DOTA, NCS-DOTA and NCS-DTPA). Results indicate ST8198AA1(Tenatumomab-DOTAMA, derived by conjugation of NHS-DOTA), as the most promising candidate in terms ofconjugation rate andyield, stability,antigenimmunoreactivity andaffinity. Labeling efficiency of thedifferentchelators was investigated with a panel of cold metals indicating DOTAMA as the best chelator. Labeling ofTenatumomab-DOTAMA was then optimized with several metals and stability performed confirms suitability of this conjugate for further development. ST8198AA1 represents an improvement of the previous antibody forms because the labeling with radionuclides like177Lu or64Cu would allow theranostic applications in patientsbearing tenascin expressing tumor

Synthesis and preliminary in vitro evaluation of DOTA-Tenatumomab conjugates for theranostic applications in tenascin expressing tumors

Tenatumomab is an anti-tenascin murine monoclonal antibody previously used in clinical trials for delivering radionuclides to tumors by both pre-targeting (biotinylated Tenatumomab within PAGRIT) and direct 131Iodine labeling approaches. Here we present the synthesis and in vitro characterization of three Tenatumomab conjugates to bifunctional chelating agents (NHS-DOTA, NCS-DOTA and NCS-DTPA). Results indicate ST8198AA1 (Tenatumomab-DOTAMA, derived by conjugation of NHS-DOTA), as the most promising candidate in terms of conjugation rate and yield, stability, antigen immunoreactivity and affinity. Labeling efficiency of the different chelators was investigated with a panel of cold metals indicating DOTAMA as the best chelator. Labeling of Tenatumomab-DOTAMA was then optimized with several metals and stability performed confirms suitability of this conjugate for further development. ST8198AA1 represents an improvement of the previous antibody forms because the labeling with radionuclides like 177Lu or 64Cu would allow theranostic applications in patients bearing tenascin expressing tumors

OXavidin for Tissue Targeting Biotinylated Therapeutics

Avidin is a glycoprotein from hen egg white that binds biotin with very high affinity. Here we describe OXavidin, a product containing aldehyde groups, obtained by ligand-assisted sugar oxidation of avidin by sodium periodate. OXavidin chemically reacts with cellular and tissue proteins through Schiff's base formation thus residing in tissues for weeks while preserving the biotin binding capacity. The long tissue residence of OXavidin as well as that of OXavidin/biotinylated agent complex occurs in normal and neoplastic tissues and immunohistochemistry shows a strong and homogenous stromal localization. Once localized in tissue/tumor, OXavidin becomes an “artificial receptor” for intravenous injected biotin allowing tumor targeting with biotinylated therapeutics like radioisotopes or toxins. Moreover, present data also suggest that OXavidin might be useful for the homing of biotinylated cells. Overall, OXavidin exhibits a remarkable potential for many different therapeutic applications

A human cancer-associated truncation of MBD4 causes dominant negative impairment of DNA repair in colon cancer cells

MBD4 binds to methylated DNA and acts as a thymine DNA glycosylase in base excision repair. Deficiency of MBD4 in mice enhances mutation at CpG sites and alters apoptosis in response to DNA damage, but does not increase tumorigenesis in mismatch repair-deficient mice. However, in humans, frameshift mutation of MBD4, rather than deletion, is what occurs in up to 43% of microsatellite unstable colon cancers. There is no murine equivalent of this mutation. We now show that recombinant truncated MBD4 (MBD4tru) inhibits glycosylase activities of normal MBD4 or Uracil DNA glycosylase in cell-free assays as a dominant negative effect. Furthermore, overexpression of MBD4tru in Big Blue (lacI)-transfected, MSI human colorectal carcinoma cells doubled mutation frequency, indicating that the modest dominant negative effect on DNA repair can occur in living cells in short-term experiments. Intriguingly, the whole mutation spectrum was increased, not only at CpG sites, suggesting that truncated MBD4 has a more widespread effect on genomic stability. This demonstration of a dominant negative effect may be of significance in tumour progression and acquisition of drug resistance

Selection, affinity maturation, and characterization of a human scFv antibody against CEA protein

BACKGROUND: CEA is a tumor-associated antigen abundantly expressed on several cancer types, including those naturally refractory to chemotherapy. The selection and characterization of human anti-CEA single-chain antibody fragments (scFv) is a first step toward the construction of new anticancer monoclonal antibodies designed for optimal blood clearance and tumor penetration. METHODS: The human MA39 scFv, selected for its ability to recognize a CEA epitope expressed on human colon carcinomas, was first isolated from a large semi-synthetic ETH-2 antibody phage library, panned on human purified CEA protein. Subsequently, by in vitro mutagenesis of a gene encoding for the scFv MA39, a new library was established, and new scFv antibodies with improved affinity towards the CEA cognate epitope were selected and characterized. RESULTS: The scFv MA39 antibody was affinity-maturated by in vitro mutagenesis and the new scFv clone, E8, was isolated, typed for CEA family member recognition and its CEACAM1, 3 and 5 shared epitope characterized for expression in a large panel of human normal and tumor tissues and cells. CONCLUSION: The binding affinity of the scFv E8 is in a range for efficient, in vivo, antigen capture in tumor cells expressing a shared epitope of the CEACAM1, 3 and 5 proteins. This new immunoreagent meets all criteria for a potential anticancer compound: it is human, hence poorly or not at all immunogenic, and it binds selectively and with good affinity to the CEA epitope expressed by metastatic melanoma and colon and lung carcinomas. Furthermore, its small molecular size should provide for efficient tissue penetration, yet give rapid plasma clearance

Chemical Linkage to Injected Tissues Is a Distinctive Property of Oxidized Avidin

We recently reported that the oxidized avidin, named AvidinOX®, resides for weeks within injected tissues as a consequence of the formation of Schiff's bases between its aldehyde groups and tissue protein amino groups. We also showed, in a mouse pre-clinical model, the usefulness of AvidinOX for the delivery of radiolabeled biotin to inoperable tumors. Taking into account that AvidinOX is the first oxidized glycoprotein known to chemically link to injected tissues, we tested in the mouse a panel of additional oxidized glycoproteins, with the aim of investigating the phenomenon. We produced oxidized ovalbumin and mannosylated streptavidin which share with avidin glycosylation pattern and tetrameric structure, respectively and found that neither of them linked significantly to cells in vitro nor to injected tissues in vivo, despite the presence of functional aldehyde groups. The study, extended to additional oxidized glycoproteins, showed that the in vivo chemical conjugation is a distinctive property of the oxidized avidin. Relevance of the high cationic charge of avidin into the stable linkage of AvidinOX to tissues is demonstrated as the oxidized acetylated avidin lost the property. Plasmon resonance on matrix proteins and cellular impedance analyses showed in vitro that avidin exhibits a peculiar interaction with proteins and cells that allows the formation of highly stable Schiff's bases, after oxidation

Enhanced gene repair mediated by methyl-CpG-modified single-stranded oligonucleotides

Gene editing mediated by oligonucleotides has been shown to induce stable single base alterations in genomic DNA in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. However, the low frequencies of gene repair have limited its applicability for both basic manipulation of genomic sequences and for the development of therapeutic approaches for genetic disorders. Here, we show that single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) containing a methyl-CpG modification and capable of binding to the methyl-CpG binding domain protein 4 (MBD4) are able to induce >10-fold higher levels of gene correction than ssODNs lacking the specific modification. Correction was stably inherited through cell division and was confirmed at the protein, transcript and genomic levels. Downregulation of MBD4 expression using RNAi prevented the enhancement of gene correction efficacy obtained using the methyl-CpG-modified ssODN, demonstrating the specificity of the repair mechanism being recruited. Our data demonstrate that efficient manipulation of genomic targets can be achieved and controlled by the type of ssODN used and by modulation of the repair mechanism involved in the correction process. This new generation of ssODNs represents an important technological advance that is likely to have an impact on multiple applications, especially for gene therapy where permanent correction of the genetic defect has clear advantages over viral and other nonviral approaches currently being tested