ROBUST STABILITY APPLICATION

In this paper it is presented the study of the robust control applied in thermal treatment kilns and is given an example of applying of extremely systems in industry. The technological process has tow main components: the oven wall with incandescent material and heat-treat devices. The differential equation describing the heating devices transfer phenomena, which occurs, by discretisation will obtain the corresponding differential equation. The implicit discretisation scheme used has the advantage of a stable solution.stability, control, thermal treatment, differential equations

Influence of use of ultrasound on metallographic structure of plated pieces by welding in ultrasonic field

To optimize the plating process is necessary to know the behavior of surfaces plated during the exploitation and in particular susceptibility to cracking, the formation of cracks from the inside to outside or reverse, embrittlement in the heat affected zone. Research has been realized considering several samples plated by welding without ultrasonic activation and with ultrasonic activation, and these samples were made of AISI 4130 steel, and as filler material was used Inconel 625 Fe developed as electrode wire ø 1,2 / mm. The plating process was realized by a WIG welding process in Ar100 /% environment with non-consumable tungsten electrode, in two versions, respectively with and without the use of ultrasonic energy. Four pieces played by welding there were analyzed the metallographies structure in the base material, the deposited material and the material from the heat affected zone

Influence of use of ultrasound on the mechanical properties of plated pieces by welding in ultrasonic field

Plating by welding in an ultrasonic field represents a technological solution to increase resistance to corrosion and / or wear of pieces of the machinery industry. Research has been carried out for two types of parts, namely a piece of flange end type and bonnet type made of AISI 4130 steel, and as filler material for plating was used Inconel 625 Fe developed as electrode wire with a diameter of ø 1.2 / mm. The plating was done by depositing a single layer by welding in ultrasonic field, welding process in Ar 100/ % environment non-consumable tungsten electrode, WIG process, and when using ultrasonic activation it was used a longitudinal and a transverse wave with a frequency of 15 / kHz. For pieces plated by welding there have been made attempts of the hardness and tensile and bend shock

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Orthodontic bonding of tooth colored brackets from a different perspective: An optical coherence tomography investigation

Bracket bonding has become routine procedure in fixed orthodontics over the past couple of decades. The choice whether to receive ceramic or polycarbonate brackets is mainly the patient's but the issues related to bonding them are part of the practitioner's responsibility. Recurrent bracket debonding can unduly prolong treatment or even lead to compromised results. Therefore, we collected human extracted premolars and bonded them with aesthetic brackets and investigated them by a new, non-invasive method - optical coherence tomography (OCT) in order to assess the quality of the bracket-tooth interface. The OCT investigation revealed a series of gaps within the adhesive at the bracket-tooth interface

Non-invasive imagistic investigations of repaired IPS Empress e.max all ceramic crowns

The present study is proposing to investigate through non-invasive techniques, the quality of repaired of all-ceramic crowns with ceramic material. 20 all-ceramic crowns made with IPS e.max Empress System. The ceramic component was removed with a grinding instrument from the buccal-incisal of each crown. The ceramic veneer was removed in order to simulate the fracture of the ceramic supra-structure. Defect's size was approximately 3Ã?3mm for all the specimens. In some cases the incisal margin was also removed. All the crowns were repaired with ceramic material VM7 (Vita) after the manufacturer's instructions. The repaired area was investigated through imagistic and also non-invasive techniques. The involved investigation systems are analyzing macroscopic and microscopic the repaired area. Optical Coherence Tomography Time Domain and X ray. Optical Coherence Tomography is an optical microscope which can scan the surface and deep layers of the investigated interface. X ray is useful in detecting macroscopic defects and gaps into the material mass. The quality of the repaired defects may be evaluated and some clinical indications can be made

Imagistic evaluation of direct dental restoration: En face OCT versus SEM and microCT

There are several methods known which are used to assess the quality of direct dental restorations, but most of them are invasive. These lead to the destruction of the probes and often no conclusion could be drawn in respect to the existence of any microleakage in the investigated areas of interest. Optical tomographic techniques are of particular importance in the medical imaging field, because these techniques can provide non-invasive diagnostic images. Using an en-face version of OCT, we have recently demonstrated real time thorough evaluation of quality of dental fillings. The purpose of this in vitro study was to validate the en face OCT imagistic evaluation of direct dental restoration by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microcomputer tomography (μCT). Teeth after several treatment methods are imaged in order to detect material defects and to asses the marginal adaptation at the dental hard tissue walls. SEM investigations evidenced the nonlinear aspect of the interface between the filling material and the buccal and lingual walls in some samples. The results obtained by μCT revealed also some material defects inside the fillings and at the interfaces with the rootcanal walls. The advantages of the OCT method consist in non-invasiveness and high resolution. En face OCT investigations permit to visualize a more complex stratificated structure at the interface filling material/dental hard tissue and in the apical region

OCT and SEM imagistic investigations of composite resin-IPS empress ceramic interfaces

The purpose of this in vitro study is to evaluate the quality of repaired all ceramic IPS Empress e.max crowns. Excellent esthetics of all ceramic crowns is well known. One disadvantage of all ceramic restoration is the susceptibility to fracture due to brittle character of ceramic materials. Fracture of ceramic veneer may be repaired with composite resin or special designed ceramic material. Twenty four all ceramic crowns were made with IPS Empress e.max system. Fracture of ceramic veneer happens in the cervical, incise or functional (occlusal) area of metal-ceramic and all ceramic crowns. For simulating the fracture of ceramic veneers, defects of 2×2cm were made with a grinding instrument in the 1/3 incise area, on facial surface of each crown. All defects were repaired with Filtek Supreme (3M ESPE) composite resin. Samples were imagistic investigated by Optical Computer Tomography- Time Domain and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The interested areas were ceramic- composite resin interfaces. Longevity of all repaired ceramic crowns depends on interfaces integrity. Apparently intact, the ceramic-composite resin interface may display microscopic material defects which may lead to failure. Optical Coherence Tomography and Scanning Electron Microscopy are identifying and validate the micro-defects