Plating by welding in an ultrasonic field represents a technological solution to increase resistance to corrosion and / or wear of pieces of the machinery industry. Research has been carried out for two types of parts, namely a piece of flange end type and bonnet type made of AISI 4130 steel, and as filler material for plating was used Inconel 625 Fe developed as electrode wire with a diameter of ø 1.2 / mm. The plating was done by depositing a single layer by welding in ultrasonic field, welding process in Ar 100/ % environment non-consumable tungsten electrode, WIG process, and when using ultrasonic activation it was used a longitudinal and a transverse wave with a frequency of 15 / kHz. For pieces plated by welding there have been made attempts of the hardness and tensile and bend shock

D. Dobrotă

Gh. Amza

R. G. Albulescu

V. Petrescu

Z. Apostolescu

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531METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 3, 531-534GH. AMZA, V. PETRESCU, D. DOBROTĂ, Z. APOSTOLESCU, R. G. ALBULESCU INFLUENCE OF US E OF ULTRASOUND ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLATED PIECES BY WELDING IN ULTRASONIC FIELDReceived – Primljeno: 2014-08-08Accepted – Prihvaćeno: 2014-12-30Preliminary Note – Prethodno priopćenjeISSN 0543-5846METABK 54(3) 531-534 (2015)UDC – UDK 621-41:621.791.052:534-8:620.17=111Gh. Amza, Z. Apostolescu, Faculty of Engineering and Management of Technological, Polytehnic University of Bucharest, RomaniaD. Dobrotă,  Engineering Faculty, “Constantin Brâncuşi” University of Târgu-Jiu, RomaniaV. Petrescu, Engineering Faculty, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania R. G. Albulescu, The Oil Company, Ploiesti, RomaniaPlating by welding in an ultrasonic field represents a technological solution to increase resistance to corrosion and / or wear of pieces of the machinery industry. Research has been carried out for two types of parts, namely a piece of flange end type and bonnet type made of AISI 4130 steel, and as filler material for plating was used Inconel 625 Fe developed as electrode wire with a diameter of ø 1.2 / mm. The plating was done by depositing a single layer by welding in ultrasonic field, welding process in Ar 100/ % environment non-consumable tungsten electrode, WIG process, and when using ultrasonic activation it was used a longitudinal and a transverse wave with a frequency of 15 / kHz. For pieces plated by welding there have been made attempts of the hardness and tensile and bend shock Key words: plated, welding, ultrasonic energy, mechanical propertiesINTRODUCTIONThe plating process in an ultrasonic field of the pieces is optimal if the realized piece has achieved outstanding reliability, greater efficiency and minimal cost of pro-cessing. To have outstanding reliability, surfaces plated with anticorrosive alloy have corrosion and / or anti-worn out should have features that confer high resistance to corrosion and / or a high resistance to wear, in conditions during operation demands [1, 2]. This is done if the mate-rial deposited  by welding, with the base material forms a couple with a behavior far better in exploitation than if the piece would be made of only the base material or only a filler material, which  is usually very expensive. In fol-lowing the plating, resulted pieces should have a high resistance to corrosion and / or wear and entirely corre-spond to the functional role in the assembly they belong, in following the process of plating [3].It is important to highlight the behavior, in exploita-tion, of the pieces plated by welding and to determine the optimal plating technology by welding in ultrasonic field to achieve a large number of experiments, on sur-faces of different geometric configuration and different overall dimensions, using couples of different materi-als, which will be then subjected to various tests to de-termine the resistance to wear and/or corrosion resist-ance, crack resistance, toughness and brittleness, the behavior to the mechanical demands and structural changes which occur in the base material, in the filler material and  in heat affected zone. To explain and opti-mize the plating process of welding is necessary to know the behavior of plated surface during operation, reaction given by breaking strength, yield strength, re-sistance to dynamic demands, susceptible to cracking, the formation of cracks from inside to outside, embrit-tlement in the heat affected zone [4-6].Enabling with ultrasonic of plating process by weld-ing influences the behavior in exploitation of pieces due to factors related to the propagation of ultrasound through welding bath and deposited layer, namely:  ul-trasound intensity - has great influence on the process of diffusion and solidification; ultrasound frequency - is a very important parameter in calculating the components of ultrasonic system in the sense that it is working in regime of resonance; amplitude of particle velocity (amplitude of ultrasonic oscillations) - directly influ-ences the crystallization and solidification process which amplifies when the amplitude increases; type of ultrasonic waves - in the welding bath or in the depos-ited layer are generally transmitted longitudinal waves, but according to the ratio wave length / thickness of the deposited layer, can occur radial waves, transverse or surface waves, which accelerates the diffusion [7-8].MATERIALSPlating the surface with a layer of additional mate-rial to provide resistance to high corrosion and / or wear, should be such that the thickness of the plating layer does not exceed the thickness of  3 – 4,2 / mm. To deter-mine the optimum technological process, were carried 532GH. AMZA et al.: INFLUENCE OF US E OF ULTRASOUND ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLATED PIECES... METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 3, 531-534the plating of various pieces, namely for a piece of flange end type and for a bonnet type. The plating was done using a couple of material which consists of basic material: AISI 4130 steel and the filler material Inconel 625Fe developed as electrode wire with a diameter of 1,2 / mm. The technological process of plating by weld-ing was done both in the case of ultrasonic activation and in the absence of activation using the welding pro-cess in Ar 100 / % environment with non-consumable tungsten electrode, WIG process, and when using ultra-sonic activation it was used a longitudinal and a trans-versal wave with a frequency of 15 /  kHz.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSTo determine the optimal plating technology by the loading by welding in an ultrasonic field of some used pieces in machine building, it was established a way of working and a set of experiments that allow an analysis between samples plated by welding without ultrasonic activation and samples plated by welding in ultrasonic field. In the three distinct areas of a piece plated by wel-ding there take place a number of changes, particularly structural, which lead to the change of properties in these areas : basic material - heat affected zone - filler material. Therefore, in the experimental researches was carried out several attempts in these areas, on various types of pieces to highlight the influence of various parameters of the plating process by welding on the functional and techno-logical properties of the obtained  couple.Attempts were made  to determine the hardness obtained after plating by welding (hardness HB) and mechanical properties of the base material, filler mate-rial and heat affected zone. The first type of piece sub-ject to reconditioning process was a piece of flange end type whose shape, but also the places of sampling for tensile test and the bending shock test are presented in Figure 1. Brinell hardness test for a piece of flange type was made in the areas of Figure 2 , under the conditions shown in the figure, for plating by welding without ul-trasonic activation (Figure 2, a) and plating by welding in an ultrasonic field (Figure 2, b ). a bFigure 1  The places of sampling for the piece of flange end type: a - tensile testing; b - bending shock test a bFigure 2  Determination of Brinell hardness for the piece of flange end type : a - sample plated by   welding without ultrasonic activation; b - sample plated by welding in ultrasonic field.533GH. AMZA et al.: INFLUENCE OF US E OF ULTRASOUND ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLATED PIECES...METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 3, 531-534Piece of a bonnet type whose form, and places of sampling for tensile test and bending, shock test are shown in Figure 3. Brinell hardness test for the piece of bonnet type was made in the areas of Figure 4 under the conditions shown in the figure, for plating by welding without ultrasonic activation (Figure 4, a) and plating by welding in an ultrasonic field (Figure 4, b).The experimental results for testing the hardness and tensile and bending, shock tests are shown in Table 1 for the piece of flange end type and in Table 2 for the piece of bonnet type.From the results shown in Table 3 there is an increase of about 8-15 / % of the mechanical properties of the base material by 10 – 20 / % of filler material and 5-10 / % in heat-affected zone (with the exception of hardness, which decreases), in comparison with the plating by welding without activation in ultrasonic field. a bFigure 3 The places of sampling of piece of bonnet type: a - for tensile testing; b - the bending shock test a bFigure 4  Areas where is determined Brinell hardness of piece of bonnet type: a - general view in section; b - schematic diagramTable 1  The main functional properties of the piece of flange type, plated by welding with and without ultrasonic activationThe tested area Plating by welding Rp0,2 / MPaRm /MPaA /%Z /%Hardness/ HBKV - 46Longitudinal / JKV - 46Transversal / JBase material AISI 4130 Without ultrasonic activation 543 723 25,2 50,6 192 68,9 60,6In ultrasonic fi eld 573 756 30,1 59,8 227 75,3 69,4Filler material Inconel 625 FeWithout ultrasonic activation 652 890 32,4 41,8 207 61,6 58,7In ultrasonic fi eld 694 932 36,7 47,2 247 70,3 65,8Heat aff ected area Without ultrasonic activation 478 640 23,5 39,6 197 51,2 47,2In ultrasonic fi eld 496 688 26,5 45,3 186 58,7 51,6Table 2  The main functional properties of the piece of bonnet type, plated by welding with and without ultrasonic activationThe tested area Plating by welding Rp0,2 / MPaRm /MPaA /%Z /%Hardness/ HBKV - 46Longitudinal / JKV - 46Transversal / JBase material AISI 4130 Without ultrasonic activation 523 703 26,5 60,3 218 58,0 68,5In ultrasonic fi eld 565 780 31,7 75,1 242 66,5 78,9Filler material Inconel 625 FeWithout ultrasonic activation 632 899 30,2 39,4 227 61,2 60,3In ultrasonic fi eld 680 967 40,1 47,6 235 68,7 68,7Heat aff ected area Without ultrasonic activation 468 648 22,5 38,2 215 49,7 57,2In ultrasonic fi eld 508 709 32,6 44,3 208 57,2 67,8534GH. AMZA et al.: INFLUENCE OF US E OF ULTRASOUND ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLATED PIECES... METALURGIJA 54 (2015) 3, 531-534From the results shown in Table 4 there is an im-provement of the functional properties not only in the deposited layer of plating in the ultrasonic field, but also in the base material, especially in the heat affected areas. This increase can be explained by the action of ultrasound in the solidification process of the formation of crystallization seed and the itself crystallization, re-sulting in a fine grain structure, consisting of equiaxed grain with a smaller size than in the case of plating without activation in the ultrasonic field. It has a great importance the input mode of ultrasound  in welding bath and their activation direction in relation to the di-rection of welding, the best results were obtained in the case of the introduction direction is parallel to the direc-tion of ultrasonic welding.In the case of the introduction of ultrasonic energy in the welding bath perpendicular to the welding direction, the influence of the ultrasound on the technological and functional properties of the base material, filler material and the heat affected areas are less than in the case of the introduction of ultrasound into the welding bath par-allel to the direction of welding. Effects of propagation of ultrasonic wave through the welding booth during the solidification process leads not only to a change in hardness, but also other functional and technological properties change in both the filler material and the base material and  in the heat affected areas.CONCLUSIONS•  quality of plating by welding is characterized by: high resistance to corrosion and / or wear, low roughness, high adhesion between the deposited layer and base material, low porosity, low oxide content, high resistance to dynamic demands and fa-tigue;•  changing the functional properties of filler material, heat affected zone and the base material is explained by the action of ultrasound on the solidification pro-cess of the formation of crystallization seed and the itself crystallization, which results in a fine grain structure, consisting of equiaxed grains of much smaller size than the plating without ultrasonic acti-vation;•  as the amplitude of longitudinal ultrasonic oscilla-tion increases, hardness decreases because the frag-mentation structure is more intense, and if the fre-quency increases, the hardness increases as the cool-ing of welding bath is faster and the structure has larger grains and in the heat affected zone may occur carbides at the boundary of grain;•  the action of tension ultrasound  - compression in the solidification process leads to fragmentation of the grains of the carbide, spread them according to the ultrasound frequency and amplitude of vibration and depending on the nature of ultrasonic waves in-troduced into the welding bath.REFRENCES[1]  Gh. Amza, D. Dobrotă, Metalurgija 52 (2013) 1, 83-86. [2]  D. Dobrotă, Gh. Amza,  Metalurgija 52 (2013) 1, 87-89. [3] R. Kažys, A. Voleišis, B. Voleišienė, Ultragarsas (Ultra-sound), 63 (2008) 2, 7-17.[4]   A. Siddiq, E. Ghassemieh, Mechanics of Materials 40 (2008) 12, 982-1000.[5]  Shin-ichi Matsuoka, Hisashi Imai, Journal of Materials Processing Technology 209 (2009) 2, 954-960.[6]  M. Shakil, N. H. Tariq, M. Ahmad, M. A. Choudhary, J. I. Akhter, S. S. Babu, Materials & Design 55 (2014), 263-273.[7]  V. Soundararajan, S. Zekovi, R. Kovacevic, Journal of ma-chine tools and manufacture 45 (2005), 1577–1587.[8]  E. Bayraktar et al., Journal of Materials Processing Technology 145 (2004) 1, 27-39.Note:  The responsible translator for English language is S.C. PURTRAD S.R.L., Targu Jiu, Romania

Influence of use of ultrasound on the mechanical properties of plated pieces by welding in ultrasonic field

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Influence of use of ultrasound on the mechanical properties of plated pieces by welding in ultrasonic field

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