56 research outputs found

    DECONbench: a benchmarking platform dedicated to deconvolution methods for tumor heterogeneity quantification

    Get PDF
    Quantifcation of tumor heterogeneity is essential to better understand cancer progression and to adapt therapeutic treatments to patient specifcities. Bioinformatic tools to assess the diferent cell populations from single-omic datasets as bulk transcriptome or methylome samples have been recently developed, including reference-based and reference-free methods. Improved methods using multi-omic datasets are yet to be developed in the future and the community would need systematic tools to perform a comparative evaluation of these algorithms on controlled data

    Genetic determinism of spontaneous masculinisation in XX female rainbow trout: new insights using medium throughput genotyping and whole-genome sequencing

    Get PDF
    International audienceRainbow trout has a male heterogametic (XY) sex determination system controlled by a major sex-determining gene, sdY. Unexpectedly, a few phenotypically masculinised fish are regularly observed in all-female farmed trout stocks. To better understand the genetic determinism underlying spontaneous maleness in XX-rainbow trout, we recorded the phenotypic sex of 20,210 XX-rainbow trout from a French farm population at 10 and 15 months post-hatching. The overall masculinisation rate was 1.45%. We performed two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on a subsample of 1139 individuals classified as females, intersex or males using either medium-throughput genotyping (31,811 SNPs) or whole-genome sequencing (WGS, 8.7 million SNPs). The genomic heritability of maleness ranged between 0.48 and 0.62 depending on the method and the number of SNPs used for the estimation. At the 31K SNPs level, we detected four QTL on three chromosomes (Omy1, Omy12 and Omy20). Using WGS information, we narrowed down the positions of the two QTL detected on Omy1 to 96 kb and 347 kb respectively, with the second QTL explaining up to 14% of the total genetic variance of maleness. Within this QTL, we detected three putative candidate genes, fgfa8, cyp17a1 and an uncharacterised protein (LOC110527930), which might be involved in spontaneous maleness of XX-female rainbow trout

    Analyse intégrée et impact clinique des microenvironnements immunitaires et stromaux des tumeurs solides

    No full text
    Les tumeurs sont composĂ©es de cellules malignes et d'une grande variĂ©tĂ© de cellules non-tumorales, en particulier des cellules immunitaires qui forment le micro-environnement tumoral (MET). Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©montrĂ© que la composition du MET Ă©tait associĂ©e au devenir clinique des patients, en termes de survie et de rĂ©ponses thĂ©rapeutiques. Avec le dĂ©veloppement rĂ©cent des immunothĂ©rapies qui ciblent des Ă©lĂ©ments spĂ©cifiques du MET, l'immunitĂ© anti-tumorale a soulevĂ© un intĂ©rĂȘt majeur. Plusieurs mĂ©thodologies ont Ă©tĂ© mises au point afin d'Ă©tudier la composition du MET, avec une prĂ©cision toujours plus grande. En particulier, des mĂ©thodes comme MCP-counter permettent d'exploiter les donnĂ©es transcriptomiques de la tumeur entiĂšre afin de quantifier les diffĂ©rentes populations qui composent le MET. Le volet mĂ©thodologique de ce travail de thĂšse a ainsi consistĂ© Ă  proposer une amĂ©lioration de MCP-counter, en particulier pour l'analyse de donnĂ©es RNA-Seq. Une adaptation de la mĂ©thode pour des donnĂ©es issues de modĂšles murins (mMCP-counter) est Ă©galement proposĂ©e. MCP-counter permet d'analyser rapidement le MET de larges sĂ©ries de tumeurs. Un second volet de cette thĂšse consiste en l'application de cette mĂ©thode pour Ă©tablir une classification immunitaire des sarcomes des tissus mous, un type de cancer rare, hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne et agressif. Cette classification immunitaire a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence des groupes de tumeurs faiblement ou fortement infiltrĂ©s, ainsi qu'un groupe marquĂ© par une forte vascularisation. De maniĂšre intĂ©ressante, la classification immunitaire permet de prĂ©dire la rĂ©ponse des patients aux immunothĂ©rapies. Ce travail a aussi dĂ©montrĂ© un rĂŽle important des structures lymphoĂŻdes tertiaires (SLT). Les SLT sont des structures de type noeud lymphatique composĂ©es de lymphocytes B et T qui se forment dans la tumeur ou Ă  proximitĂ© de celle-ci. Au sein des SLT, une rĂ©ponse immunitaire anti-tumorale peut se former et maturer. L'intĂ©rĂȘt portĂ© aux SLT est de plus en plus important pour de nombreux types de cancers. Dans la plupart des types de cancer, une forte infiltration de la tumeur par des lymphocytes T, en particulier CD8+, est associĂ©e Ă  une meilleure survie des patients. Cependant, le carcinome rĂ©nal Ă  cellules claires et le cancer de la prostate sont des exceptions Ă  cette rĂšgle. En effet, dans ces deux cancers urologiques, la prĂ©sence dans la tumeur de lymphocytes T est associĂ©e Ă  une survie plus courte des patients, ainsi qu'Ă  une rechute et une progression plus prĂ©coce. Ces exceptions sont dĂ©taillĂ©es dans une troisiĂšme partie de cette thĂšse, par une description minutieuse du MET, ainsi que par l'analyse de l'implication du systĂšme du complĂ©ment. Dans leur ensemble, les rĂ©sultats prĂ©sentĂ©s dans cette thĂšse dĂ©montrent qu'en combinant diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes d'analyse, in silico, in situ et in vivo, il est possible d'obtenir une vision extrĂȘmement complĂšte du MET. La connaissance des types cellulaires prĂ©sents dans la tumeur ainsi que leur orientation fonctionnelle permet de guider le soin apportĂ© aux patients et d'amĂ©liorer leur devenir clinique. La description complĂšte du MET ouvre la voie Ă  une mĂ©decine personnalisĂ©e pour les patients atteints de cancer.Tumors are composed not only of malignant cells but also contain a vast variety of non-malignant cells, notably immune cells forming the tumor microenvironment (TME). The composition of the TME was shown to be associated with clinical outcome for cancer patients, in terms of survival and therapeutic responses. With the relatively recent development of immunotherapies targeting specific elements of the TME, tumor immunology has risen a strong interest and holds a strong therapeutic potential. Several methodologies have been developed to study the composition of the TME with an increased precision. Notably, some methods such as MCP-counter enable the use of the tumor bulk transcriptome to quantify cell populations composing the TME. The methodological aspect of this PhD project consisted in setting up an enhanced version of MCP-counter that can be readily applied to RNA-Seq data, as well as propose an adaptation of the method for mouse models. Using MCP-counter, the TME of large series of tumors can be easily analyzed. The application part of this PhD work consisted of applying MCP-counter to establish an immune-based classification of soft-tissue sarcoma, a rare, aggressive and heterogeneous cancer type. The immune classification notably allowed to identify immune low and high groups, and a group characterized by a strong vasculature. Interestingly, the classification was notably found to be predictive of the patients' response to immunotherapies. It also highlighted an important role of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). TLS are lymph-node-like structures composed of T and B cells that form within the tumor or in close proximity. They are a site of formation and maturation of antitumoral immune responses. TLS are raising a growing interest in many malignancies. In most cancer types, a strong infiltration by T cells, in particular CD8+ T cells, is associated with a favorable clinical outcome. However, clear-cell renal cell carcinoma and prostate cancer are exceptions to this general rule. Indeed, in these urological cancers, an increased infiltration by T cells is associated with a decreased patient survival and with earlier relapse and disease progression. In a third part of this thesis, these exceptions are investigated with more details by scrutinizing the TME, and questioning the implication of the complement system. Overall, this thesis presents how the combination of several analysis methods, in silico, in situ and in vivo, can help achieve an extremely precise description of the TME. Knowing accurately what cell populations and what their functional orientation can help guide patients care and improve clinical outcome. Complete description of the TME opens the way towards personalized medicine for cancer patients

    Facteurs influençant le choix de la médecine générale chez les étudiants en médecine (étude qualitative par focus groups en Picardie)

    No full text
    INTRODUCTION : Depuis 2004 et la crĂ©ation des ECN, la MĂ©decine GĂ©nĂ©rale (MG) est proposĂ©e au choix des Ă©tudiants au mĂȘme titre que les autres spĂ©cialitĂ©s. Chaque annĂ©e, pourtant, des postes de MG restent vacants Ă  l issue des choix des futurs internes. Se pose alors la question des facteurs influençant le choix de cette spĂ©cialitĂ©. METHODE : J ai rĂ©alisĂ© une Ă©tude qualitative par focus groups auprĂšs d Ă©tudiants en mĂ©decine picards de DCEM 3 et DCEM 4. Les rĂ©sultats de ces focus groups ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s selon la mĂ©thodologie de la grounded theory. RESULTATS : Vingt trois Ă©tudiants ont participĂ© Ă  4 focus groups. Les facteurs encourageant les Ă©tudiants vers le choix de la MG Ă©taient : la reprĂ©sentation de la MG comme un mĂ©tier intĂ©ressant, la libertĂ© d organiser sa pratique, le stage en MG durant le deuxiĂšme cycle et le dĂ©veloppement de maisons de santĂ© pluridisciplinaires. Par ailleurs, certains facteurs dĂ©courageaient le choix de la MG et notamment les conditions d exercice (isolement, manque de plateau technique, pression de l Assurance Maladie, tĂąches administratives), la tendance de certains hospitaliers Ă  la critique de la MG, l absence de formation Ă  cette spĂ©cialitĂ© en deuxiĂšme cycle. DISCUSSION : Certaines idĂ©es des Ă©tudiants sur les conditions d exercice de la MG ne paraissent pas toujours correspondre Ă  la rĂ©alitĂ©. Il leur manque un modĂšle de mĂ©decin gĂ©nĂ©raliste auquel s identifier. Les Ă©tudiants sont ambivalents face au modĂšle hospitalier qui les rassure mais qu ils critiquent en mĂȘme temps. Par ailleurs, l intĂ©rĂȘt des Ă©tudiants pour l exercice en maisons mĂ©dicales pluridisciplinaires va dans le sens de la loi HĂŽpital, Patients, SantĂ©, Territoires de 2009. CONCLUSION : Les facteurs qui influencent le choix de la MG sont complexes et multiples. Une meilleure connaissance de cette spĂ©cialitĂ© par les Ă©tudiants serait un Ă©lĂ©ment favorisant un choix Ă©clairĂ© de la MG.INTRODUCTION: Since 2004 and the creation of the ECN National Review Ranking , students have been proposed the choice of general practice (GP) as well as other specialities. However, every year, there are GP vacancies after the future interns choices. So, the question of the elements that influence the choice of this speciality is asked. METHOD: I carried out a qualitative study by focus groups with medical students of Picardy in DCEM 3 and DCEM 4 (the third and the fourth years of the second cycle of medical studies). The results of these focus groups were analysed according to the grounded theory methodology. RESULTS: Twenty three students took part in four focus groups. The factors that encouraged students to choose GP were: the idea of GP as an interesting job, freedom to organize one s own practice, the GP stage during the second cycle and the development of multidisciplinary nursing homes. However, some factors discouraged to choose GP: working conditions (isolation, lack of technical equipment, health insurance pressure, administrative tasks), the fact that some hospital practitioners are inclined to criticize GP, the lack of training for this speciality in the second cycle of medical studies. DISCUSSION: Some of students opinions about the way of working in GP don t always correspond to reality. They miss a general practitioner as a model to identify themselves. Students are ambivalent as regards the hospital model that makes them confident but that they criticize at the same time. Moreover, the fact that students are interested in working in multidisciplinary nursing homes fits with the law of 2009: Hospital, Patients, Health, Territories . CONCLUSION: The factors which have influence on the students choice of GP are complex and numerous. A better knowledge of this speciality by students would be an element in favour of a well informed choice of GP.AMIENS-BU SantĂ© (800212102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Études d'interactions entre le dioxyde d'azote et des particules minĂ©rales d'intĂ©rĂȘt atmosphĂ©rique

    No full text
    A l'heure actuelle, il ne fait plus aucun doute que les processus hétérogÚnes de chimie atmosphérique affectent le bilan radiatif terrestre et jouent un rÎle crucial dans les cycles d'oxydation troposphérique. L'objectif de notre étude est d'identifier des réactions hétérogÚnes qui jouent un rÎle important dans la troposphÚre et de déterminer leurs paramÚtres cinétiques notamment le coefficient de capture (?). Dans la premiÚre partie de ce travail, nous avons étudié la réactivité hétérogÚne de NO2 sur des surfaces aqueuses (H2O, HNO3, H2SO4, NaCl) à l'aide d'un réacteur à écoulement à film liquide tombant couplé à un spectrophotomÚtre d'absorption UV/Visible. Nous avons déterminé des coefficients de capture de l'ordre de 10-7/10-6 à température ambiante pour des concentrations initiales de NO2 comprises entre 10 14 et 10 16 molécules.cm-3. Nos résultats montrent que ? augmente avec la concentration initiale en NO2 dans la phase gazeuse mais diminue avec la concentration de NaCl dans la phase aqueuse. Dans la deuxiÚme partie, les interactions entre NO2 et des pastilles de NaCl et de (NH4)2SO4 sont étudiées en fonction de l'humidité relative par spectrophotométrie d'absorption infrarouge à transformée de Fourier. Nous avons mesuré des coefficients de capture de l'ordre de 10-7/10-6 à température ambiante et nous avons mis en évidence l'augmentation de ? avec l'humidité relative. La formation des nitrates sur la phase solide est observée par microspectrométrie et imagerie Raman.There is no doubt nowadays that heterogeneous processes of atmospheric chemistry affect significantly the radiation balance and the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere. The goals of our study are the identification of heterogeneous tropospheric reactions and the determination of their kinetic parameters such as the uptake coefficient (y). On one band, the heterogeneous interactions between NO2 and aqueous surfaces (H2O, HNO3, H2SO4, NaCI) were monitored with a wetted wall flow tube reactor coupled to an UV Visible absorption spectrometer. We have measured uptake coefficients in the range of 10-7/10-6 al ambient temperature and for NO2 densities between 1014 and 1016 cm-3. We have observed an enhancement of y as function of the NO2 density. On the other band, the heterogeneous interactions between NO2 and solid minerai surfaces (NaCl and <NH4)2S04) pellets) were monitored in situ using a Fourier transform infrared absorption spectrometer. The uptake coefficients were measured at difIerent relative humidity (RH). We obtained y in the range of 10-7/10-6 al ambient temperature and for NO2 density equal to 1016 cm-3. An enhancement of the uptake was observed as function of the RH parameter. The nitrate formation on the solid phase was detected by Raman microspectrometIyLILLE1-Bib. Electronique (590099901) / SudocSudocFranceF
    • 

    corecore