Kekuatan Hukum Kebijakan Pemerintah Daerah dalam Menerbitkan Keputusan (Beschikking) Dihubungkan dengan Penerapan Asas Praesumptio Iustae Causa

Executant of local governmentin carrying out their duties, authorities, obligations and responsibilities and because of higher legislation authority can establish regional policy which is defined in local regulation, regional regulation and other local conditions. The publishing of regional head decreerelated to arrangement the cost of Land and Building Tax as arulein terms of implementation for using the Land and Building Tax isunder the authority of Subang district Government .Accordingly, this study focused on the problem: (1)How is the power of Subang district decreeNo. 973/Kep.604-Dipenda/2005 about BP-PBB in Subang district associated with the praesumptio iustae causa. This research obtained through normative juridical approach. The nature of study for this research is descriptive analysis. Based on this research we can conclude that: first, Subang District Decree No.973/Kep.604-Dipenda/2005 About BP-PBB in Subang district eligible formal andmaterial requirements for making a decision, so the decision is validaccording to the lawandit can produce the principle of praesumptio iustae causa. Keywords: Policy, Government, Regions, Decisio

PENGARUH PENDIDIKAN FORMAL TERHADAP PARTISIPASI POLITIK MASYARAKAT DI KAMPUNG KAMA DISTRIK WAMENA KABUPATEN JAYAWIJAYA

Kesadaran politik warga negara menjadi faktor determinan dalam partisipasipolitik masyarakat, artinya sebagai hal yang berhubungan pengetahuan dan kesadaran akan hak dan kewajiban yang berkaitan dengan lingkungan masyarakat dan kegiatan politik menjadi ukuran dan kadar seseorang terlibat dalam proses partisipasi politik. Tulisan ini merupakan hasil penelitian skripsi. Penelitian dilakukan di Kampung Kama Kabupaten Jayawijaya. Fokus pembahasan pada pengaruh pendidikan formal terhadap partisipasi politik masyarakat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat di kampung Kama pada umumnya berpendidikan menengah dan memiliki keterampilan. Kondisi ini mempengaruhi masyarakat di kampung Kama dengan secara sadar berpartisipasi dalam setiap pemilihan umum.Kata Kunci : Pengaruh, Pendidikan Formal, Partisipasi Politik, Masyaraka

Membangun Sistem Politik yang Tidak Rentan Korupsi (Perspektif Perubahan Budaya Versus Perubahan Sistem)

The change of system in this Republic is not necessarily followed by cultural change (behavioral culture) of society and apparatus. The conception of the state of welfare state law can not be felt maximally by the society, given the amount of state money lost due to acts of corruption committed by a handful of people. Law enforcement efforts against corruption must go hand in hand with efforts to change the behavior patterns of people who are happy to commit acts of corruption. The research problem is how to build a political system that is not vulnerable to corruption (Perspective of Cultural Change (Culture) Versus System Change (Structural)). The research methodology used is normative legal research (Doctrinal Reseach). The conclusions obtained include: apart from strengthening the system in the form of institutional strengthening and legislation, strengthening the efforts of preventing corruption through the improvement of anti-corruption community behavior must go hand in hand. Efforts to eradicate corruption from the aspect of behavior change is not an easy thing, but it takes a long time since the changed is the behavior of the society that has been entrenched. The approach to behavioral change in society of corruption perceptions should be changed by building a new perception that corruption is an act that can be very harmful to the state and society. Keywords: Corruption, System, Culture   Perubahan sistem di Republik ini tidak serta merta diikuti dengan Perubahan kultural (budaya perilaku) masyarakat dan aparat. Konsepsi negara hukum welfare state belum dapat dirasakan secara maksimal oleh masyarakat, mengingat banyaknya uang negara yang hilang akibat tindakan korupsi yang dilakukan oleh segelintir orang. Upaya penegakkan hukum terhadap tindak pidana korupsi harus berjalan beriringan dengan upaya merubah pola perilaku masyarakat yang senang dalam melakukan tindakan korupsi. Permasalahan penelitian adalah bagaimana Membangun Sistem Politik yang Tidak Rentan Korupsi (Perspektif Perubahan Budaya  (Kultural) Versus Perubahan Sistem (Struktural)). Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif (Doctrinal Reseach). Kesimpulan yang diperoleh antara lain; selain dari penguatan sistem berupa penguatan kelembagaan dan peraturan Perundang-undangan, penguatan terhadap upaya pencegahan korupsi melalui pembenahan perilaku masyarakat yang anti korupsi harus berjalan beriringan. Upaya memberantas korupsi dari aspek Perubahan perilaku masyarakat bukanlah suatu hal yang mudah, akan tetapi membutuhkan waktu yang lama mengingat yang dirubah adalah perilaku masyarakat yang sudah membudaya. Pendekatan Perubahan perilaku masyarakat akan persepsi korupsi semestinya dirubah dengan membangun persepsi baru bahwa korupsi adalah perbuatan yang sangat dapat merugikan negara dan masyarakat. Kata kunci: Korupsi, Sistem, Buday

Aporrectodea caliginosa, a relevant earthworm species for a posteriori pesticide risk assessment: current knowledge and recommendations for culture and experimental design

Ecotoxicological tests with earthworms are widely used and are mandatory for the risk assessment of pesticides prior to registration and commercial use. The current model species for standardized tests is Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei. However, these species are absent from agricultural soils and often less sensitive to pesticides than other earthworm species found in mineral soils. To move towards a better assessment of pesticide effects on non-target organisms, there is a need to performaposterioritestsusingrelevantspecies.TheendogeicspeciesAporrectodeacaliginosa(Savigny,1826)isrepresentative of cultivated fields in temperate regions and is suggested as a relevant model test species. After providing information on its taxonomy, biology, and ecology, we reviewed current knowledge concerning its sensitivity towards pesticides. Moreover, we highlighted research gaps and promising perspectives. Finally, advice and recommendations are given for the establishment of laboratory cultures and experiments using this soil-dwelling earthworm species

Fluoxetine effects assessment on the life cycle of aquatic invertebrates

International audienceFluoxetine is a serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, generally used as an antidepressant. It is suspected to provoke substantial effects in the aquatic environment. This study reports the effects of fluoxetine on the life cycle of four invertebrate species, Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca and the snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum exposed to fluoxetine spiked-water and the midge Chironomus riparius exposed to fluoxetine-spiked sediments. For D. magna, a multi-generational study was performed with exposition of newborns from exposed organisms. Effects of fluoxetine could be found at low measured concentrations (around 10 micro g l(-1)), especially for parthenogenetic reproduction of D. magna and P. antipodarum. For daphnids, newborns length was impacted by fluoxetine and the second generation of exposed individuals showed much more pronounced effects than the first one, with a NOEC of 8.9 micro g l(-1). For P. antipodarum, significant decrease of reproduction was found for concentrations around 10 micro g l(-1). In contrast, we found no effect on the reproduction of H. azteca but a significant effect on growth, which resulted in a NOEC of 33 micro g l(-1), expressed in nominal concentration. No effect on C. riparius could be found for measured concentrations up to 59.5 mg kg(-1). General mechanistic energy-based models showed poor relevance for data analysis, which suggests that fluoxetine targets specific mechanisms of reproduction

Evolution of a TRIM5-CypA Splice Isoform in Old World Monkeys

The TRIM family proteins share a conserved arrangement of three adjacent domains, an N-terminal RING domain, followed by one or two B-boxes and a coiled-coil, which constitutes the tripartite-motif for which the family is named. However, the C-termini of TRIM proteins vary, and include at least nine evolutionarily distinct, unrelated protein domains. Antiviral restriction factor TRIM5α has a C-terminal B30.2/SPRY domain, which is the major determinant of viral target specificity. Here, we describe the evolution of a cyclophilin-A encoding exon downstream of the TRIM5 locus of Asian macaques. Alternative splicing gives rise to chimeric transcripts encoding the TRIM motif fused to a C-terminal CypA domain (TRIM5-CypA). We detected TRIM5-CypA chimeric transcripts in primary lymphocytes from two macaque species. These were derived in part from a CypA pseudogene in the TRIM5 locus, which is distinct from the previously described CypA insertion in TRIM5 of owl monkeys. The CypA insertion is linked to a mutation in the 3′ splice site upstream of exon 7, which may prevent or reduce expression of the α-isoform. All pig-tailed macaques (M. nemestrina) screened were homozygous for the CypA insertion. In contrast, the CypA-containing allele was present in 17% (17/101) of rhesus macaques (M. mulatta). The block to HIV-1 infection in lymphocytes from animals bearing the TRIM5-CypA allele was weaker than that in cells from wild type animals. HIV-1 infectivity remained significantly lower than SIV infectivity, but was not rescued by treatment with cyclosporine A. Thus, unlike owl monkey TRIMCyp, expression of the macaque TRIM5-CypA isoform does not result in increased restriction of HIV-1. Despite its distinct evolutionary origin, Macaca TRIM5-CypA has a similar domain arrangement and shares ∼80% amino-acid identity with the TRIMCyp protein of owl monkeys. The independent appearance of TRIM5-CypA chimeras in two primate lineages constitutes a remarkable example of convergent evolution. Based on the presence of the CypA insertion in separate macaque lineages, and its absence from sooty mangabeys, we estimate that the Macaca TRIM5-CypA variant appeared 5–10 million years ago in a common ancestor of the Asian macaques. Whether the formation of novel genes through alternative splicing has played a wider role in the evolution of the TRIM family remains to be investigated

An individual-based model of Zebrafish population dynamics accounting for energy dynamics

International audienceDeveloping population dynamics models for zebrafish is crucial in order to extrapolate from toxicity data measured at the organism level to biological levels relevant to support and enhance ecological risk assessment. To achieve this, a dynamic energy budget for individual zebrafish (DEB model) was coupled to an individual based model of zebrafish population dynamics (IBM model). Next, we fitted the DEB model to new experimental data on zebra-fish growth and reproduction thus improving existing models. We further analysed the DEB-model and DEB-IBM using a sensitivity analysis. Finally, the predictions of the DEB-IBM were compared to existing observations on natural zebrafish populations and the predicted population dynamics are realistic. While our zebrafish DEB-IBM model can still be improved by acquiring new experimental data on the most uncertain processes (e.g. survival or feeding), it can already serve to predict the impact of compounds at the population level

Current practices and challenges in adaptation of clinical guidelines : A qualitative study based on semistructured interviews

Funding YS is funded by China Scholarship Council (No 201707040103).Altres ajuts: CSC/201707040103Objective This study aims to better understand the current practice of clinical guideline adaptation and identify challenges raised in this process, given that published adapted clinical guidelines are generally of low quality, poorly reported and not based on published frameworks. Design A qualitative study based on semistructured interviews. We conducted a framework analysis for the adaptation process, and thematic analysis for participants' views and experiences about adaptation process. Setting Nine guideline development organisations from seven countries. Participants Guideline developers who have adapted clinical guidelines within the last 3 years. We identified potential participants through published adapted clinical guidelines, recommendations from experts, and a review of the Guideline International Network Conference attendees' list. Results We conducted ten interviews and identified nine adaptation methodologies. The reasons for adapting clinical guidelines include developing de novo clinical guidelines, implementing source clinical guidelines, and harmonising and updating existing clinical guidelines. We identified the following core steps of the adaptation process (1) selection of scope and source guideline(s), (2) assessment of source materials (guidelines, recommendations and evidence level), (3) decision-making process and (4) external review and follow-up process. Challenges on the adaptation of clinical guidelines include limitations from source clinical guidelines (poor quality or reporting), limitations from adaptation settings (lacking resources or skills), adaptation process intensity and complexity, and implementation barriers. We also described how participants address the complexities and implementation issues of the adaptation process. Conclusions Adaptation processes have been increasingly used to develop clinical guidelines, with the emergence of different purposes. The identification of core steps and assessment levels could help guideline adaptation developers streamline their processes. More methodological research is needed to develop rigorous international standards for adapting clinical guidelines

Human cellular restriction factors that target HIV-1 replication

Recent findings have highlighted roles played by innate cellular factors in restricting intracellular viral replication. In this review, we discuss in brief the activities of apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme 3G (APOBEC3G), bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2), cyclophilin A, tripartite motif protein 5 alpha (Trim5α), and cellular microRNAs as examples of host restriction factors that target HIV-1. We point to countermeasures encoded by HIV-1 for moderating the potency of these cellular restriction functions

Identification and characterization of antibacterial compound(s) of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)

Infectious diseases remain a significant threat to human health, contributing to more than 17 million deaths, annually. With the worsening trends of drug resistance, there is a need for newer and more powerful antimicrobial agents. We hypothesized that animals living in polluted environments are potential source of antimicrobials. Under polluted milieus, organisms such as cockroaches encounter different types of microbes, including superbugs. Such creatures survive the onslaught of superbugs and are able to ward off disease by producing antimicrobial substances. Here, we characterized antibacterial properties in extracts of various body organs of cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and showed potent antibacterial activity in crude brain extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and neuropathogenic E. coli K1. The size-exclusion spin columns revealed that the active compound(s) are less than 10 kDa in molecular mass. Using cytotoxicity assays, it was observed that pre-treatment of bacteria with lysates inhibited bacteria-mediated host cell cytotoxicity. Using spectra obtained with LC-MS on Agilent 1290 infinity liquid chromatograph, coupled with an Agilent 6460 triple quadruple mass spectrometer, tissues lysates were analyzed. Among hundreds of compounds, only a few homologous compounds were identified that contained isoquinoline group, chromene derivatives, thiazine groups, imidazoles, pyrrole containing analogs, sulfonamides, furanones, flavanones, and known to possess broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, and possess anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, and analgesic properties. Further identification, characterization and functional studies using individual compounds can act as a breakthrough in developing novel therapeutics against various pathogens including superbugs