63 research outputs found

    Comparison of 2D proteomic maps revealed properties of Ambrosia artemisiifolia sub-pollen particles accounting for more severe asthma symptoms than its whole pollen grains

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    Aims and scopes: It is known that sub-pollen particles (SPP) cause more severe symptoms of asthma than its whole pollen grain counterparts, due to its smaller size and ability to penetrate deeper into the lungs. To reveal other possible causes of such more severe asthma symptoms induced by Ambrosia artemisiifolia SPP, its sub-pollen particle and pollen grain proteomes were characterized and compared. Experimental description: Protein extract of short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen and its SPP were prepared and subjected to denaturing 2-D electrophoresis. Pollen proteome spots were excised a er colloidal coomassie blue brillinat (cCBB) staining and in gel digested for liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution LTQ Orbitrap XL hybrid mass spectrometry. Parallel to that, cCBB stained gels were analyzed and quanti ed with laser scanner Typhoon 7000 series and Image 2D Master Platinum 7.0 soware (GE Healthcare, USA). Results: ere is statistically signi cant di erence between the contents of major allergen Amb a 1.05 subgroup in the ragweed whole pollen grains and SPP, the latter being richer in Amb a 1.05 (2 times), in major allergen Amb a 11 (5 times), in minor allergens Amb a 4 (7 times) and Amb a 6 (4 times). e 30 kDa basic antigen group in SPP (8 times more abundant) needs further investigation. sia artemisiifolia allergens, Amb a 1.05 and Amb a 11, minor allergens Amb a 4 and Amb a 6 which could contribute to more severe asthma symptoms caused by SPP

    Electric field effects on proteins Novel perspectives on food and potential health implications

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    Electric fields (EF) technologies have been establishing a solid position in emergent food processing and have seen as serious alternatives to traditional thermal processing. During the last decades, research has been devoted to elucidation of technological and safety issues but also fundamental aspects related with interaction of electric fields (EF) with important macromolecules, such as proteins. Proteins are building blocks for the development of functional networks that can encompass health benefits (i.e. nutritional and bioactive properties) but may be also linked with adverse effects such as neurodegenerative diseases (amyloid fibrils) and immunological responses. The biological function of a protein depends on its tridimensional structure/conformation, and latest research evidences that EF can promote disturbances on protein conformation, change their unfolding mechanisms, aggregation and interaction patterns. This review aims at bringing together these recent findings as well as providing novel perspectives about how EF can shape the behavior of proteins towards the development of innovative foods, aiming at consumers health and wellbeing.This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/ BIO/04469/2019 and UIDB 50006/2020 with funding from FCT/ MCTES through national funds, BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. This work was also supported by the projects AlleRiskAssess – PTDC/BAA-AGR/31720/2017 and NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-031720. Zita Avelar acknowledge the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for its fellowship SFRH/BD/146347/2019info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Silver-promoted direct alkylation of electron-rich (hetero)arenes with malonates

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    Version française :Les hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons sont des matĂ©riaux de dĂ©part et des molĂ©cules importantes pour la plupart des domaines de la science dans lesquels il y a un besoin important de petites molĂ©cules organiques fonctionnalisĂ©es. En effet, ils sont utilisĂ©s quotidiennement dans les sciences pharmaceutiques, agrochimiques et comme prĂ©curseurs des monomĂšres en chimie des polymĂšres ou dans les matĂ©riaux. Ils peuvent Ă©galement jouer un rĂŽle dans le domaine de la santĂ© et de nombreux d’autres secteurs, comme cela est prĂ©sentĂ© dans le premier chapitre de ce manuscrit.MalgrĂ© leur apparente simplicitĂ©, la synthĂšse d’arĂšnes alkylĂ©es est loin d’ĂȘtre banale, notamment en termes de sĂ©lectivitĂ©, d’efficacitĂ© et de simplicitĂ©. Par consĂ©quent, une demande croissante en nouvelles mĂ©thodes synthĂ©tiques pour la dĂ©rivatisation efficace d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes richesen Ă©lectrons, dont la transformation clĂ© est le protocole d’alkylation, se fait ressentir au sein de la communautĂ© des chimistes organiciens. Alors que les mĂ©thodes classiques d’alkylation s’appuient principalement sur des protocoles de Friedel-Crafts, des processus de mĂ©tallation ou encore sur des rĂ©actions impliquant des hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes prĂ©-fonctionnalisĂ©s, tous prĂ©sentant divers dĂ©fis en termes d’efficacitĂ© et de sĂ©lectivitĂ©, la fonctionnalisation directe par substitution aromatique homolytique reste plutĂŽt une voie sous-dĂ©veloppĂ©e malgrĂ© un potentiel Ă©vident.Cette stratĂ©gie d’alkylation implique des radicaux Ă©lectrophiles qui peuvent ĂȘtre gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s soit par rĂ©duction des (pseudo)halogĂ©nures d’alkyle correspondants, soit par oxydation des liaisons aliphatiques d’hydrocarbures, comme par exemple, dans les alcools, les Ă©thers, les amines, les nitriles et les composĂ©s carbonylĂ©s. Les principales stratĂ©gies pour l’alkylation seront examinĂ©es dans le chapitre introductif de ce manuscrit, avec une attention particuliĂšre sur leurs avantages et inconvĂ©nients, ainsi que la rĂ©giosĂ©lectivitĂ© de toutes les mĂ©thodes.L’alkylation d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons par substitution aromatique homolytique rĂ©ductrice ou dĂ©shydrogĂ©nante a Ă©tĂ© largement Ă©tudiĂ©e au cours du dernier siĂšcle et a suscitĂ© beaucoup d’intĂ©rĂȘt au cours des derniĂšres annĂ©es avec l’essor de la catalyse photorĂ©dox. À cet Ă©gard, une plĂ©thore de (pseudo)halogĂ©nures ont Ă©tĂ© employĂ©s comme agents alkylants dans des conditions de rĂ©action douces. Cependant, la plupart des procĂ©dures pour l’alkylation rĂ©ductrice d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons par catalyse photorĂ©dox repose encore sur des catalyseurs mĂ©talliques nobles tels que les complexes de ruthĂ©nium et d’iridium qui, malgrĂ© leur efficacitĂ©, sont plutĂŽt coĂ»teux et non durables pour des applications Ă  grande Ă©chelle. En revanche, un nombre beaucoup moins important de travaux a Ă©tĂ© publiĂ© dans la littĂ©rature utilisant des catalyseurs photorĂ©dox Ă  base de mĂ©taux moins onĂ©reux tels que le cuivre, qui n’ont d’ailleurs jamais Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s pour l’alkylation directe d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons. Dans ce contexte, il a Ă©tĂ© envisagĂ© de dĂ©velopper une alkylation d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons avec des dĂ©rivĂ©s α-halo carbonylĂ©s catalysĂ©e par des complexes photorĂ©dox du cuivre. Cette transformation, qui sera traitĂ©e dans le deuxiĂšme chapitre de ce manuscrit, est d’autant plus souhaitable qu’elle repose sur l’utilisation d’agents alkylants disponibles et versatiles.Les radicaux α-carbonylĂ©s peuvent aussi ĂȘtre gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©s par oxydation des liaisons aliphatiques d’hydrocarbures, d’alcools, d’éthers, d’amines, de nitriles et de composĂ©s carbonylĂ©s, ce qui a dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ© en utilisant des quantitĂ©s (super)stoechiomĂ©triques de peroxydes ou des oxydants Ă  base de mĂ©taux de transition. En particulier, ces derniers ont Ă©tĂ© principalement utilisĂ©s pour l’alkylation directe d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons avec des composĂ©s carbonylĂ©s tels que les malonates. Cependant, la plupart des procĂ©dures prĂ©cĂ©demment dĂ©crites reposent sur des quantitĂ©s d’oxydants superstoichiomĂ©triques, y compris souvent un excĂšs d’additifs, ce qui est loin d’ĂȘtre idĂ©al du point de vue de l’économie d’atomes. De plus, ces procĂ©dures d’alkylation dĂ©shydrogĂ©nante prĂ©sentent Ă©galement d’autres limitations comme par exemple une efficacitĂ© modĂ©rĂ©e, une rĂ©giosĂ©lectivitĂ© limitĂ©e et/ou un champ d’application restreint, laissant place Ă  d’autres amĂ©liorations. Le troisiĂšme chapitre de ce manuscrit donnera ainsi un aperçu du dĂ©veloppement d’un nouveau protocole pour l’alkylation dĂ©shydrogĂ©nante d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons avec des malonates. Les objectifs Ă©taient de rĂ©duire la quantitĂ© d’oxydant employĂ©, d’élargir l’étendue d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes obtenus et de valoriser davantage les produits d’alkylation par des rĂ©actions de post-fonctionnalisation. En premier lieu, l’objectif Ă©tait de dĂ©velopper un protocole catalytique utilisant des quantitĂ©s minimales d’un oxydant couplĂ© Ă  un oxydant sacrificiel permettant de rĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rer le cycle catalytique. Cependant, comme la rĂ©-oxydation du catalyseur n’est pas triviale, un protocole fonctionnant Ă  partir de quantitĂ©s stoechiomĂ©triques d’un unique oxydant a Ă©tĂ© envisagĂ©. Cette derniĂšre stratĂ©gie serait Ă©galement d’intĂ©rĂȘt synthĂ©tique puisque des quantitĂ©s stoechiomĂ©triques d’oxydant sont en effet souvent employĂ©es dans les alkylations dĂ©shydrogĂ©nante catalytiques d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons. Dans l’ensemble, les protocoles catalytiques et stoechiomĂ©triques fourniraient une voie d’accĂšs directe et simple Ă  des produits chimiques Ă  forte valeur ajoutĂ©e employant des malonates comme agents alkylants, ne nĂ©cessitant pas leur prĂ©-fonctionnalisation et conversion en (pseudo)halogĂ©nures correspondants. Le groupement malonyl greffĂ© sur le noyau hĂ©tĂ©roromatique pourrait notamment ĂȘtre converti en autres chaines alkyles, motifs rĂ©currents dans les produits pharmaceutiques et agrochimiques.Les rĂ©sultats expĂ©rimentaux obtenus dans le cadre de cette thĂšse font l’objet des Chapitres 2 et 3, et sont suivis par les conclusions gĂ©nĂ©rales et perspectives (Chapitre 4). Dans ce dernier chapitre notre contribution au domaine des alkylations d’(hĂ©tĂ©ro)arĂšnes a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e, incluant notamment les avantages et les inconvĂ©nients de notre protocole d’alkylation par rapport Ă  ceux publiĂ©s prĂ©cĂ©demment dans la littĂ©rature. Finalement, la section expĂ©rimentale est prĂ©sentĂ©e (Chapitre 5) contenant les informations et mĂ©thodes gĂ©nĂ©rales, les procĂ©dures de rĂ©action et la caractĂ©risation des nouveaux produits de dĂ©part ainsi que des composĂ©s synthĂ©tisĂ©s avec notre mĂ©thode pour l’alkylation dĂ©shydrogĂ©nante d’hĂ©tĂ©roarĂšnes riches en Ă©lectrons.English Version:Regioselectively alkylated electron-rich heteroarenes (ERHAs) are major starting materials and molecules relevant to most areas of science in which there is a need for small organic molecules. They are indeed used on a daily basis in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical and material sciences, and as building blocks for polymer chemistry or organic electronics. They also have a profound effect in human health and many other sectors, as overviewed in the first chapter of this manuscript.Despite their apparent simplicity, alkylated arenes are not that trivial to prepare, notably in terms of selectivity, efficiency and simplicity. Therefore, novel synthetic methods for the efficient derivatization of ERHAs are in ever-growing demand, alkylation protocols remaining one of the key transformations. While classical alkylation methods mostly rely on Friedel-Crafts protocols, metalation processes or reactions involving pre-functionalized heteroarenes, all exhibiting diverse challenges in terms of efficiency and selectivity, the direct functionalization via homolytic aromatic substitution (HAS) remains rather underdeveloped despite an obvious potential. This alkylation strategy involves electrophilic radical species that can be generated either by reduction of the corresponding alkyl (pseudo)halides or by oxidation of aliphatic C(sp3)−H bonds of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines, nitriles and carbonyl derivatives. The main strategies for the alkylation of ERHAs will be overviewed in the introductory chapter of this manuscript, with particular attention to their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the regioselectivity of all methods.The alkylation of ERHAs via reductive or dehydrogenative homolytic aromatic substitution has been broadly investigated in the last century, gaining considerable attention in the last few years with the advance of photoredox catalysis. In this regard, a plethora of (pseudo)halides have been employed as alkylating agents under mild reaction conditions. However, most protocols for the reductive alkylation of electron-rich heteroarenes by photoredox catalysis still rely on noble metal catalysts such as ruthenium and iridium complexes which, despite their efficiency, are rather expensive and unsustainable for large-scale applications. In sharp contrast, much less work has been reported with photoredox catalysts of the more available metals such as copper, which have indeed not yet been employed for the direct alkylation of electron-rich heteroarenes. In this context, we aimed to develop a visible light-promoted, copper catalyzed alkylation of ERHAs with α−halocarbonyl derivatives, a highly sought-after transformation employing readily available and versatile alkylating agents, which will be discussed in the second chapter of this manuscript.α−Carbonyl radical species can be alternatively generated by oxidation of aliphatic C−H bonds of hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, amines, nitriles and carbonyl derivatives, which has been previously achieved employing (super)stoichiometric amounts of peroxides or transition metal-based oxidants. In particular, the latter have been mostly employed for the direct alkylation of electron-rich heteroarenes with carbonyl derivatives such as malonates. However, most of the previously reported protocols rely on superstoichiometric amounts oxidants, often including an excess of additives, which is not ideal from the point of view of atom economy. Other limitations encountered in previous dehydrogenative alkylation protocols typically include a moderate efficiency, poor regioselectivity and/or limited applicability, leaving room for further improvement. The third chapter of this manuscript will thus overview the development of a novel protocol for the dehydrogenative alkylation of electron-rich heteroarenes with malonates, where our goal was to reduce the amount of the oxidant employed, broaden the scope of the heteroarenes obtainable and further valorize the alkylation products by late-stage functionalization.In the first place, we aimed at the development of a catalytic protocol that would employ minimal amounts of an oxidant coupled with a terminal oxidant allowing to regenerate the catalytic cycle. However, since the re-oxidation of the catalyst might not be a trivial task, we also envisioned aprotocol which operates on stoichiometric amounts of the oxidant. This latter strategy would also be of synthetic interest since stoichiometric amounts of oxidants are indeed often employed in catalytic dehydrogenative alkylations of electron-rich heteroarenes. Overall, both the catalytic and stoichiometric protocols would provide a straightforward entry to useful value-added chemicals employing malonates as the alkylating agents, precluding their pre-functionalization and conversion to the corresponding (pseudo)halides. Notably, the malonyl group could serve as a versatile handle for the modulation of the aliphatic chain grafted onto the heteroaromatic scaffold, an oftenrecurring motif in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.The experimental results obtained in the context of this thesis discussed in Chapter 2 and 3 will be followed by the general conclusions and perspectives (Chapter 4), where we assessed our contribution to the field of (hetero)arene alkylation by overviewing the advantages and drawbacks of our silver-promoted alkylation protocol with respect to those previously reported in the literature. This conclusive section is followed by the experimental section (Chapter 5), containing the general methods, reaction procedures and characterization of unreported reagents and compounds synthesized with our method for the dehydrogenative alkylation of electron-rich heteroarenes.Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

    The α-Gal epitope - the cause of a global allergic disease

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    The galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-Gal) epitope is the cause of a global allergic disease, the α-Gal syndrome (AGS). It is a severe form of allergy to food and products of mammalian origin where IgE against the mammalian carbohydrate, α-Gal, is the cause of the allergic reactions. Allergic reactions triggered by parenterally administered α-Gal sources appear immediately, but those triggered via the oral route appear with a latency of several hours. The α-Gal epitope is highly immunogenic to humans, apes and old-world monkeys, all of which produce anti-α-Gal antibodies of the IgM, IgA and IgG subclasses. Strong evidence suggests that in susceptible individuals, class switch to IgE occurs after several tick bites. In this review, we discuss the strong immunogenic role of the α-Gal epitope and its structural resemblance to the blood type B antigen. We emphasize the broad abundance of α-Gal in different foods and pharmaceuticals and the allergenicity of various α-Gal containing molecules. We give an overview of the association of tick bites with the development of AGS and describe innate and adaptive immune response to tick saliva that possibly leads to sensitization to α-Gal. We further discuss a currently favored hypothesis explaining the mechanisms of the delayed effector phase of the allergic reaction to α-Gal. We highlight AGS from a clinical point of view. We review the different clinical manifestations of the disease and the prevalence of sensitization to α-Gal and AGS. The usefulness of various diagnostic tests is discussed. Finally, we provide different aspects of the management of AGS. With climate change and global warming, the tick density is increasing, and their geographic range is expanding. Thus, more people will be affected by AGS which requires more knowledge of the disease

    Lögnens retorik - en studie om dragningskraften i Fake News

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    Fake News has over the last couple of years become a very discussed issue in the political sphere. Well established newspapers and politicians have in an increased rate been attacked, questioned and accused of spreading false and misleading in-formation to the public. This study aims to give a deeper understanding regarding the causes of the emergence of Fake News in the modern and digitized world, examining the struc-tural circumstances behind it and the appealing factors from a rhetorical perspec-tive. The study has used a conceptual analysis to gather knowledge and under-standing based on critical theories of democracy, truth, social acceleration and the public sphere. The theories have been used together to find a broader understand-ing of the problem as a whole. Furthermore, the study examines the appealing factors of Fake News through a rhetorical analysis. The study shows that there are several reasons that has ena-bled Fake News to be spread and shared more often on social media that truthful news. The conflict between truth, lie and opinion, the accelerating society, the in-formation overload and the appealing factors of effective rhetoric are some of them.Under de senaste Ären har Fake News kommit att bli en vÀldigt omdiskuterad pro-blematik i den politiska sfÀren. Etablerade mediehus, tidningar och politiker har i en ökande takt blivit attackerade, ifrÄgasatta och anklagade för att sprida falsk och vilseledande information till offentligheten. Denna studie Àmnar till att ge en djupare förstÄelse gÀllande orsakerna till framvÀxten av Fake News i en modern och digitaliserad vÀrld genom att under-söka de strukturella omstÀndigheter som möjliggjort detta och de tilltalande fak-torerna i framstÀllandet av Fake News utifrÄn ett retoriskt perspektiv. Studien har anvÀnt en konceptuell analys för att samla kunskap och förstÄ-else baserat pÄ kritiska teorier av demokrati, sanning, social acceleration och den offentliga sfÀren. Teorierna har anvÀnds tillsammans för att fÄ en bredare förstÄ-else kring problematiken som helhet. Vidare undersöker studien the Fake News at-traktivitet genom en retorisk analys. Studien visar att det finns flera orsaker som har möjliggjort för Fake News att spridas och delas mer pÄ sociala medier Àn sanningsenliga nyheter. Konflikten mellan sanning, lögn och Äsikt, det accelererande samhÀllet, informationsöverflöd och de tilltalande faktorerna av effektivt anvÀndande av retorik Àr nÄgra av dem

    The effects of implanted arsenic on Ti-silicide formation

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