Point épidémiologique sur la tuberculose bovine dans la faune sauvage en Dordogne en 2011 (évaluation du risque lié au Blaireau (Meles meles))

La Dordogne connaît depuis 2004 une recrudescence de foyers bovins de tuberculose à M. bovis. La faune sauvage locale avait alors été suspectée d entretenir l épizootie mais aucune enquête n avait pu le confirmer. En revanche, début 2010, un cerf infecté de tuberculose a été découvert. Une enquête a alors été entreprise sur les espèces cibles (Blaireau, Cerf, Sangliers, Renard). La présente étude a pour objectifs de faire un point épidémiologique sur la situation vis-à-vis de la tuberculose dans la faune sauvage et d évaluer le risque de transmission lié au Blaireau, espèce plus fréquemment infectée par rapport aux autres. Nous avons analysé les résultats obtenus lors de l enquête réalisée en 2010-2011 et estimé les densités de blaireaux dans deux zones infectées. Au vu des résultats d infection, des densités des espèces cibles et des interactions entre espèces, le risque de transmission de M. bovis entre la faune sauvage et les bovins semble actuellement faible en Dordogne.NANTES-Ecole Nat.Vétérinaire (441092302) / SudocTOULOUSE-EN Vétérinaire (315552301) / SudocSudocFranceF

Développement de marqueurs diagnostiques et d'approches thérapeutiques pour le mésothéliome pleural malin

Le dosage de formes solubles de la mésothéline représente une approche prometteuse pour le diagnostic du mésothéliome. Nous avons étudié les mécanismes impliqués dans la production de ces formes solubles sur un modèle cellulaire. En plus des mécanismes d'épissage alternatif, des protéases sont à l'origine de la présence de mésothéline soluble dans l'environnement tumoral. L'identification de ces protéases devrait permettre d'améliorer les outils diagnostiques disponibles pour ce cancer. Par la suite, nous avons montré la possibilité de réactiver la réponse immunitaire cellulaire dirigée contre des cellules tumorales en chargeant des cellules dendritiques avec des corps apoptotiques de cellules de mésothéliome. Lors de l'étude d'une approche de type virothérapie, une activation des cellules dendritiques ayant phagocyté les cellules tumorales infectées ainsi qu'une augmentation de la fréquence des lymphocytes T spécifiques de la mésothéline ont été observées.Soluble forms of mesothelin represent a promising diagnostic approach for mesothelioma. We studied the mechanisms implicated in the production of soluble forms of mesothelin on a cellular model. Aberrant splicing events could partly explain the presence of soluble mesothelin in the tumor environment. We also showed that proteases were able to cleave membrane-bound mesothelin. Identification of the implicated proteases should improve the diagnostic tools available for this cancer. We also studied an approach of immunotherapy and showed that loading dendritic cells with apoptotic bodies of mesothelioma cells led to the reactivation of a cellular immune response against tumoral cells. Another approach of virotherapy, based on mesothelioma cells viral infection, was also able to activate an immune response. Indeed, we observed an important activation of dendritic cells loaded with infected tumoral cells, as well as an increase in mesothelin specific T lymphocytes.NANTES-BU Médecine pharmacie (441092101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Health inspection: new approaches for a veterinarians and operators network implementation, acting as a link between holdings and slaughterhouses

National audienceWhen poultry are slaughtered, they undergo official veterinary ante and post-mortem controls, covering all important aspects for protection of public health, animal health and welfare. Today, controls’ organization must be based on an assessment of animal health risks and food safety1,2. The active participation of operators is envisaged for these sanitary controls under the responsibility and supervision of veterinarians. Nevertheless scientific methods are needed to implement new approaches to sanitary controls on poultry in holdings and slaughterhouses to ensure they cover all their objectives. Multidisciplinary working groups composed of members from the national competent veterinary authority, epidemiologists, hygienists, veterinarians, and operators’ representatives were created. These groups defined the goals to reach for public health, animal health and welfare purposes. For each of them, the tasks were characterized and indicators of their achievement proposed. Five tasks were described: i. sanitary auditing on holding of provenance by a veterinarian; ii. “descending” food chain information analysis before each flock arrival at slaughterhouse; iii. ante-mortem and iv. post-mortem examinations; v. standardized “ascending food chain information”. Sanitary auditing on holding by a veterinarian and standardized “ascending food chain information” are the two examples described here. For sanitary auditing on holding, a questionnaire and a guide aiming at clarifying what to observe and how to answer the questions were designed. The questionnaire consists of a brief description of the holding followed by questions covering biosecurity and public health topics. For “ascending food chain information”, ante and post mortem examination data of different batches are standardized and sent to the holding, in order to be interpreted by the veterinarian attending the holding. The visible anomalies are synthesized as epidemiological, organic and etiological data. Anomalies’ detectability in the conditions of processing plant and sanitary risk were both considered in the data analysis. Descriptive factsheets of anomalies were then designed for a national reference frame in slaughterhouses. Finally, our work allowed the proposal of news tools relevant to the veterinary public health monitoring throughout the poultry chain. The proposed procedures, as well as the effective participation of different actors, were assessed on a sample of slaughterhouses and holdings

Measles virus induces oncolysis of mesothelioma cells and allows dendritic cells to cross-prime tumor-specific CD8 response.

International audienceDespite conventional medical and surgical treatments, malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) remains incurable. Oncovirotherapy (i.e., the use of replication-competent virus for cancer treatment) is currently explored in clinical trials. In this study, we investigated the antineoplastic potential of a new oncolytic viral agent, a live-attenuated measles virus (MV) strain derived from the Edmonston vaccine lineage (Schwarz strain). We evaluated both oncolytic activity and immunoadjuvant properties of the MV vaccine strain on mesothelioma tumor cells. Infectivity, syncytium formation, and cytolytic activity of MV were studied on a panel of mesothelioma cells derived from pleural effusions of MPM patients. We observed that MV infected preferentially MPM cell lines in comparison with nontransformed mesothelial cells, leading to an efficient killing of a significant fraction of tumor cells. A cytoreductive activity was also evidenced through formation of multinuclear cellular aggregates (syncytia). The susceptibility of MPM cell lines to measles infection was assessed by the analysis of cell surface expression of the MV vaccine receptor (CD46). We also evaluated whether MV infection of mesothelioma cells could elicit an autologous antitumor immune response. We showed that MV Schwarz strain induced apoptotic cell death of infected mesothelioma cells, which were efficiently phagocytosed by dendritic cells (DC). Loading of DCs with MV-infected MPM cells induced DC spontaneous maturation, as evidenced by the increased expression of MHC and costimulatory molecules along with the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Priming of autologous T cells by DCs loaded with MV-infected MPM cells led to a significant proliferation of tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Altogether, these data strongly support the potential of oncolytic MV as an efficient therapeutic agent for mesothelioma cancer

Sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis surveillance through intradermal tests in cattle in France: An evaluation of different scenarios

International audienceThe current situation regarding bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Europe is spatially heterogeneous, with stagnating or increasing trends in bTB prevalence in many European regions, underlying the challenge in controlling this disease. In France, in spite of the implementation of two control programs in 2010–2012 to eradicate the disease and maintain the bTB-free status, bTB prevalence has continued to increase, underlying the need to reinforce and adapt surveillance measures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bTB surveillance in high-risk areas in metropolitan France, with an emphasis on the criteria to select herds and animals within herds in the context of programmed surveillance and movement testing.The fraction of bTB-infected herds detected by the surveillance was quantified using a stochastic scenario tree modelling approach, with input parameter values based on surveillance and cattle traceability data and literature. The detection fraction was assessed for the current surveillance system and for alternative scenarios.The model predicted that the median detection fraction of infected herds by the current programmed surveillance in high-risk areas, which consists in annual testing of herds with a minimum age of testing of 24 months, was 71.5 % (interquartile interval: 47.4−89.4). The results showed a significant gain of the detection fraction with a decrease from 24 to 12 months old (83.5 % [60.6−95.9]) or to six weeks old (91.3 % [71.6−99.0]). Regarding pre-movement surveillance, tests are currently mandatory for bovines that originate from a previously infected herd or from a herd epidemiologically linked to a bTB-infected herd. The median detection fraction predicted by the model for this surveillance scenario was 1.2 % [0.7−1.8]. For the alternative scenario, where surveillance would be extended to all herds in high-risk areas, the model predicted a significant increase of the detection fraction to 26.5 % [18.1−37.9]. The results were sensitive to the following input values: the number of infected bovines within herds and, to a lower extent, the comparative intradermal tuberculin test sensitivity for both models, and surveillance coverage for the model on pre-movement surveillance.Our study underlines several complementary ways to improve the detection of infected herds, which is critical for implementing control measures and epidemiological investigations as early as possible. These necessary changes in surveillance must be accompanied by a global reflexion on surveillance financing

Avis de l'Anses relatif aux modalités de surveillance et de lutte contre la brucellose des bouquetins dans les massifs du Bargy et des Aravis et aux modalités de surveillance des cheptels de ruminants estivant dans le massif des Aravis.

Citation suggérée : Anses. 2023. Avis relatif aux modalités de surveillance et de lutte contre la brucellose des bouquetins dans le massif du Bargy et des Aravis et aux modalités de surveillance des cheptels de ruminants estivants dans le massif des Aravis (saisine 2022-SA-0220). Maisons-Alfort : Anses, 39 p.La France est reconnue officiellement indemne de brucellose bovine depuis 2005, et debrucellose ovine et caprine depuis 2014 sur le territoire métropolitain, à l’exception dudépartement des Pyrénées-Atlantiques (64) reconnu officiellement indemne en mars 2021.En 2012, un foyer bovin de brucellose a été détecté en Haute-Savoie sur le massif du Bargyet a conduit à la découverte d’un réservoir de brucellose dans la population de bouquetins(Capra ibex) de ce massif. En 2021, un nouveau foyer bovin a été découvert lié à la persistancede la brucellose dans la faune sauvage du massif du Bargy.Depuis 2012, sur le massif du Bargy, des campagnes de gestion par captures et euthanasiesdes bouquetins séropositifs, ainsi que des tirs, se sont succédé tous les ans. En 2013, descaptures de bouquetins avec tests sérologiques ont également été conduites sur les massifsdes Aravis et de Sous-Dîne, voisins du Bargy. L’ensemble de ces mesures de gestion estrésumé dans le Tableau 1. Une surveillance des espèces sensibles chassables, i.e. le chamois(Rupicapra rupicapra) depuis 2012, le cerf élaphe (Cervus elaphus) et le chevreuil (Capreoluscapreolus) entre 2012 et 2017, est également mise en place avec l’aide de la Fédérationdépartementale des chasseurs de Haute-Savoie. (extrait)[Saisines liées : n°2021-SA-0228, 2021-SA-0200, 2021-AST-0203, 2018-SA-0017, 2016-SA-0229, 2014-SA-0218, 2013-SA-0129

Caprine nodular thelitis due to Mycobacterium uberis: A series of 26 cases in 11 dairy goat farms in Western France

International audienceBovine Nodular Thelitis (BNT) is a granulomatous dermatitis of teat skin associated with acid-fast bacilli. A similar condition has been recorded in a dairy goat flock in France recently. The causative agent was shown to be related to the leprosy-causing bacilli Mycobacterium leprae and M. lepromatosis, then sequenced and named M. uberis. Following the initial report in goats, the aim of this study was to investigate new cases of Caprine Nodular Thelitis (CNT) in the same area to confirm the presence of M. uberis by molecular techniques and to get a better description of the clinical signs and of the affected flocks. Twenty-six animals (25 females and 1 male) from 11 flocks were included in the study. Lesions were located on the udder/teat skin (24/25), on the body skin (6/25) or on the scrotum skin (1/1). Udder skin lesions were circular, nodular and/or ulcerate covered with a crust and associated with supramammary lymph node enlargement. Body skin lesions were located at different parts of the body, showed large necrotizing ulcers with undetermined edges and were associated with regional lymph node enlargement. Histopathological results indicated granulomatous dermatitis and lymphadenitis of varying intensity with no acid-fast bacilli seen after Fite-Faraco staining. M. uberis DNA was amplified from 26 samples out of 47 (udder: 11/22; lymph node: 11/20; body: 4/5). The female goats were mostly older than 4 year of age and originated from breeding units characterized by large flock size and high proportion of goat in continuous lactation

Quantitative Outcomes of a One Health approach to Study Global Health Challenges

Having gained momentum in the last decade, the One Health initiative promotes a holistic approach to address complex global health issues. Before recommending its adoption to stakeholders, however, it is paramount to first compile quantitative evidence of the benefit of such an approach. The aim of this scoping review was to identify and summarize primary research that describes monetary and non-monetary outcomes following adoption of a One Health approach. An extensive literature search yielded a total of 42,167 references, of which 85 were included in the final analysis. The top two biotic health issues addressed in these studies were rabies and malaria; the top abiotic health issue was air pollution. Most studies described collaborations between human and animal (n = 42), or human and environmental disciplines (n = 41); commonly reported interventions included vector control and animal vaccination. Monetary outcomes were commonly expressed as cost-benefit or cost-utility ratios; non-monetary outcomes were described using disease frequency or disease burden measurements. The majority of the studies reported positive or partially positive outcomes. This paper illustrates the variety of health challenges that can be addressed using a One Health approach, and provides tangible quantitative measures that can be used to evaluate future implementations of the One Health approach.Peer reviewe

Évaluation de l'impact des activités humaines d'exploitation forestière et de loisir sur le risque de propagation du virus de la peste porcine africaine ::première élicitation d'experts

En Europe, le virus de la peste porcine africaine (PPA) est à l’origine d’une des maladies infectieuses transfrontalières les plus menaçantes pour les porcs domestiques et les sangliers, avec de sérieuses conséquences pour leurs populations et l’économie. Depuis sa détection en Belgique, en septembre 2018, la France a mis en place des mesures de gestion tout en s’interrogeant sur leur impact sur les mouvements de sangliers et le risque lié de propagation du virus de la PPA. Pour répondre à cette problématique, l’Anses a conduit la première élicitation connue d’experts sur le sujet. L'importance relative de facteurs de dérangement des sangliers a été évaluée. L'impact possible d’activités humaines sur les mouvements de sangliers a été estimé selon une approche stochastique, afin de saisir la variabilité d'un large éventail de conditions territoriales et l'incertitude liée à l’élicitation d’experts. Une analyse par arbre de régression a permis de regrouper les activités selon le dérangement qu’elles engendraient chez les sangliers. La modification de l'environnement du sanglier et l’envahissement de l'espace apparaissent comme les facteurs les plus dérangeants pour les sangliers et par conséquent les activités humaines ou forestières agissant sur ces facteurs : éclaircissement de parcelles par engins, coupe de bois (abattage de gros arbres), débardage et ramasseurs de champignons/bois de cerf. Les résultats de cette élicitation d’experts sont particulièrement importants pour les gestionnaires et les parties prenantes impliqués dans la crise de la PPA en Europe