Tendências dos estudos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento motor na literatura btasileira em Educação Física

Motor behavior has been studied mainly by two sub-areas identified as "Motor Development" and "Motor Learning". The aim of this research was to verify the trends of the motor development and learning studies in Brazilian Physical Education Literature from 1988 to 1994. Therefore, all the reports published in the national journals, annals of scientific events, dissertations and theses presented during this period were checked. The data showed that most work were published as abstracts in annals of scientific events, and that most authors were from USP (University of São Paulo), UNESP (State University of São Paulo) and UFSM (Federal University of Santa Maria) hence all from the Southern and Southeastern Regions of the Country. It was also showed that the number of studies about the learning of motor skills has decreased in quantity, while those about motor development have increased along the years, the highest number being reached in 1994.O comportamento motor tem sido estudado principalmente por duas sub-áreas identificadas como “Desenvolvimento Motor” e “Aprendizagem Motora”. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar as tendências dos estudos de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento motor na literatura brasileira em Educação Física, de 1988 à 1994. Para tanto, realizou-se um levantamento dos trabalhos publicados nos periódicos nacionais, anais de eventos cientificos, e dissertações e teses defendidas neste período. Os dados mostraram que a maior parte dos trabalhos foram publicados em resumos de anais de eventos científicos, e que a maior parte dos autores são oriundos da USP, UNESP e UFSM, e portanto das regiões sul e sudeste do País. Detectou-se que o número de estudos sobre a aprendizagem de habilidades motoras tem decaído na quantidade, enquanto que aqueles sobre desenvolvimento motor vem crescendo ao longo dos anos, atingindo seu ápice em 1994

Behavioral information effects on postural control intrinsic dynamics

Esse estudo teve como objetivo examinar possíveis alterações na dinâmica intrínseca de \ud crianças e adultos decorrentes de informações externas na realização de uma tarefa de manutenção da \ud postura ereta. Participaram do estudo dez crianças de 8 anos de idade e dez adultos jovens de ambos os \ud gêneros. Eles permaneceram na posição ereta dentro de uma sala móvel que foi movimentada \ud continuamente para frente e para trás. Os participantes recebiam informação sobre o movimento da sala e \ud eram solicitados a não oscilar ou a oscilar junto com o movimento da mesma. Os resultados mostraram que \ud a manipulação da informação visual induziu oscilação corporal correspondente (dinâmica intrínseca) em \ud crianças e adultos. Informação sobre o movimento da sala e solicitação de uma ação (informação \ud comportamental) alteraram o relacionamento entre informação visual e oscilação corporal. Crianças \ud apresentaram mais dificuldades em alterar a dinâmica intrínseca do que adultos, indicando que elas são \ud mais dependentes da dinâmica intrínseca do que adultos. Esses resultados trazem implicações importantes \ud para a situação de ensino-aprendizagem, pois indica que aprendizagem envolvendo crianças deve ser \ud estruturada propiciando condições mais favoráveis para alterações na dinâmica intrínseca para que os \ud objetivos da mesma sejam alcançados.The purpose of this study was to examine possible changes in the intrinsic dynamics of children and adults resulting from external information in upright stance task. Ten eight-year-old children and ten young adults, both genders, maintained upright position inside a moving room that was continuously moved frontward and backward. Participants were informed about the room movement and they were requested to sway or not sway with the moving room. The results showed that visual manipulation induces correspondent body sway (intrinsic dynamics) in children and adults. Information about the room movement and the request of an action (behavioral information) changed the relation between visual information and body sway. Although it can be changed, children showed more difficulty in changing the intrinsic dynamics than adults, showing that they are more dependent on intrinsic dynamics than adults. These findings bring important implications to learning, suggesting that children's learning opportunities must be structured properly in order to provide condition of intrinsic dynamics changes towards the goals of the task at hand

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Global disparities in surgeons’ workloads, academic engagement and rest periods: the on-calL shIft fOr geNEral SurgeonS (LIONESS) study

: The workload of general surgeons is multifaceted, encompassing not only surgical procedures but also a myriad of other responsibilities. From April to May 2023, we conducted a CHERRIES-compliant internet-based survey analyzing clinical practice, academic engagement, and post-on-call rest. The questionnaire featured six sections with 35 questions. Statistical analysis used Chi-square tests, ANOVA, and logistic regression (SPSS® v. 28). The survey received a total of 1.046 responses (65.4%). Over 78.0% of responders came from Europe, 65.1% came from a general surgery unit; 92.8% of European and 87.5% of North American respondents were involved in research, compared to 71.7% in Africa. Europe led in publishing research studies (6.6 ± 8.6 yearly). Teaching involvement was high in North America (100%) and Africa (91.7%). Surgeons reported an average of 6.7 ± 4.9 on-call shifts per month, with European and North American surgeons experiencing 6.5 ± 4.9 and 7.8 ± 4.1 on-calls monthly, respectively. African surgeons had the highest on-call frequency (8.7 ± 6.1). Post-on-call, only 35.1% of respondents received a day off. Europeans were most likely (40%) to have a day off, while African surgeons were least likely (6.7%). On the adjusted multivariable analysis HDI (Human Development Index) (aOR 1.993) hospital capacity > 400 beds (aOR 2.423), working in a specialty surgery unit (aOR 2.087), and making the on-call in-house (aOR 5.446), significantly predicted the likelihood of having a day off after an on-call shift. Our study revealed critical insights into the disparities in workload, access to research, and professional opportunities for surgeons across different continents, underscored by the HDI

Effects of the verbal information in the coupling between the visual information and body oscillattion

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos da manipulação de informação, visual proveniente de uma sala móvel, verbal fornecida sobre o movimento da sala e sobre uma ação solicitada, na oscilação corporal em crianças e adultos. Participaram deste estudo 20 crianças e 20 adultos jovens, que permaneceram na posição ereta dentro de uma sala móvel. Os resultados revelaram que a dinâmica intrínseca do sistema, referente ao relacionamento entre informação visual e oscilação corporal, não é facilmente modificada pela informação comportamental. A manipulação dos tipos de informação verbal, sobre movimento da sala e solicitação de uma ação, altera o relacionamento entre informação visual e oscilação corporal na situação da sala móvel. Entretanto, esta alteração requer atuação contínua do participante e, ainda, a solicitação de uma ação é mais efetiva nesta alteração do que somente a informação sobre o que está ocorrendo. Finalmente, há mudanças desenvolvimentais em como estas diferentes informações são utilizadas para o controle de uma ação motora. Enquanto adultos jovens utilizam as informações fornecidas de forma mais adequada para a ação solicitada, crianças apresentam dificuldade em utilizar a informação fornecida ou realizar uma ação solicitada frente à dinâmica intrínseca do sistema.The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of the manipulation of information, visual from a moving room, verbal informing about the movement of the room and about a requested action, in body sway of children and adults. Participated of this study 20 children and 20 young adults, who stood upright inside of a moving room. The results revealed that the system intrinsic dynamics, regarding the relationship between visual information and body sway, is not easily modified by behavioral information. The manipulation of the types of verbal information, about the moving room?s movement and requesting a specific action, alters the relationship between visual information and body sway in the moving room situation. However, this change requires the participant\'s continuous attention and, moreover, requesting an action is more effective than only the information about what is happening. Finally, there are behavioral changes in how these different types of information are used for the control of a motor action. While young adults use the provided information in a more appropriate way to perform the requested action, children show difficulty in order to use the provided information or to accomplish an action requested due to the intrinsic dynamics of the system

Organização espaço temporal do rolamento para frente

Este estudo focaliza a execução do rolamento para a frente levando em consideração as restrições ambientais (tatame e colchão) e internas impostas pelo crescimento e desenvolvimento. Retratos de fase dos segmentos corporais, obtidos a partir da posição e velocidade angulares, foram analisados. As trajetórias das órbitas dos segmentos perna, coxa e tronco demonstraram ser diferentes entre si e semelhantes entre os sujeitos, independentemente da idade cronológica (5-6, 8-9, 11-12 anos e adultos) e superfície de apoio (colchão e tatame). Menor variabilidade nos retratos de fase dos segmentos corporais foi observada em adultos quando comparada com as das demais faixas etárias.This study focus on the forward roll taking into account the environmental constraints due the surface (mattress and tatame) and intrinsic constraints imposed by growth and development. Phase portraits of body segments obtained from angular displacement and velocity were employed for ihe analysis ofthe spatial-temporal organization of the performance. The trajectories ofthe orbits of of the leg and trunk segments showed to be different among themselves but similar between subjects, mdependently of chronological age and surface used. Less variability in phase portraits of body segments was observed in adults as compared with the younger age groups

Organização espaço temporal do rolamento para frente

Este estudo focaliza a execução do rolamento para a frente levando em consideração as restrições ambientais (tatame e colchão) e internas impostas pelo crescimento e desenvolvimento. Retratos de fase dos segmentos corporais, obtidos a partir da posição e velocidade angulares, foram analisados. As trajetórias das órbitas dos segmentos perna, coxa e tronco demonstraram ser diferentes entre si e semelhantes entre os sujeitos, independentemente da idade cronológica (5-6, 8-9, 11-12 anos e adultos) e superfície de apoio (colchão e tatame). Menor variabilidade nos retratos de fase dos segmentos corporais foi observada em adultos quando comparada com as das demais faixas etárias.This study focus on the forward roll taking into account the environmental constraints due the surface (mattress and tatame) and intrinsic constraints imposed by growth and development. Phase portraits of body segments obtained from angular displacement and velocity were employed for ihe analysis ofthe spatial-temporal organization of the performance. The trajectories ofthe orbits of of the leg and trunk segments showed to be different among themselves but similar between subjects, mdependently of chronological age and surface used. Less variability in phase portraits of body segments was observed in adults as compared with the younger age groups

ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access Performance of Down syndrome subjects during

Background: The time synchronization is a very important ability for the acquisition and performance of motor skills that generate the need to adapt the actions of body segments to external events of the environment that are changing their position in space. Down Syndrome (DS) individuals may present some deficits to perform tasks with synchronization demand. We aimed to investigate the performance of individuals with DS in a simple Coincident Timing task. Method: 32 individuals were divided into 2 groups: the Down syndrome group (DSG) comprised of 16 individuals with average age of 20 (+/ − 5 years old), and a control group (CG) comprised of 16 individuals of the same age. All individuals performed the Simple Timing (ST) task and their performance was measured in milliseconds. The study was conducted in a single phase with the execution of 20 consecutive trials for each participant. Results: There was a significant difference in the intergroup analysis for the accuracy adjustment- Absolute Error (Z = 3.656, p = 0.001); and for the performance consistence- Variable Error (Z = 2.939, p = 0.003). Conclusion: DS individuals have more difficulty in integrating the motor action to an external stimulus and they also present more inconsistence in performance. Both groups presented the same tendency to delay their motor responses