Implementation of Adaptive Localization for Enhancing Ensemble-Based History Matching in Hydrocarbon Reservoir Management

In reservoir management, the ensemble-based history matching is applied to quantify and update uncertainty in reservoir characterization with the main objective to support high quality decisions. However, the ensemble-based history matching could suffer from statistical problems that make the ensemble unable to represent probability distributions and quantify uncertainty statistically-correctly. Localization can effectively solve the ensemble-based history matching problems. Localization weights the influence degree that observations have over model parameters in the analysis step of ensemble Kalman filter-based methods. In the non-adaptive localization scheme, the influence degree is fixed in time, and unimodal distributed for all types of observations and model parameters. Unlike the non-adaptive localization scheme, the adaptive localization scheme defines the influence degrees based on causality relationships among simulated observables and model parameters, so that the influence degrees can be time-variant, multimodal distributed, and dependent of reservoir dynamics and different types of model parameters and observations. The thesis lies in the research about the practical advantage of adaptive localization over non-adaptive localization schemes for ensembled-based history matching. The thesis is developed in five sections: i) generation of the initial ensemble; ii) development of an ensemble-based history matching without localization, the benchmark case, that applies ES-MDA; iii) selection of the best non-adaptive localization case, applying distance-based studies; iv) Selection of the best adaptive localization case, applying a denoising approach; and v) Comparative analysis among updated ensembles, defining selection criteria of the best ensemble-based history matching for the Reek field. The main conclusion from the thesis work is that the history matching with the adaptive localization scheme overperformed the history matching with the non-adaptive localization scheme and the benchmark case (i.e., no localization) for the Reek field. Therefore, adaptive localization scheme can improve uncertainty quantification and decision quality in ensemble-based reservoir management. The novelty of the thesis is that it has investigated the practical pros and cons of applying the adaptive localization scheme for ensemble-based history matching reservoir simulation models and proposed a general workflow to guide localization implementation and evaluation. The thesis work has brought state-of-the-art and innovative workflows to best practice in Equinor for implementing non-adaptive and adaptive localization schemes. Several guidelines of recommended practice of implementing the workflows have been proposed and developed. The effectiveness of the guidelines and workflows have been tested and evaluated, which contributes to further developing and improving the theories/workflows/guidelines and integrating them in Equinor’s existing workflows and software for quantitative and qualitative analysis of history matching results and for facilitating and enhancing the adaptive localization implementation in Equinor and the oil and gas industry

OBESIDAD GLOBAL VS CENTRAL Y ALGUNOS FACTORES DE RIESGO EN ADOLESCENTES DE UN MUNICIPIO VENEZOLANO

Para determinar las prevalencias de obesidad global y central en adolescentes escolarizados del Municipio Iribarren y algunos factores de riesgo se realiz\uf3 un estudio de prevalencia y asociaci\uf3n cruzada. Se estudiaron 800 adolescentes entre 15 y 19 a\uf1os de edad (405 hombres). El muestreo fue biet\ue1pico: a) selecci\uf3n aleatoria estratificada de 31 instituciones seg\ufan su nivel educativo; b) selecci\uf3n no probabil\uedstica accidental de los adolescentes. Se midi\uf3 \uedndice de masa corporal (IMC), \uedndice circunferencia abdominal - talla (ICAT). Se aplicaron cuestionarios sobre h\ue1bitos de alimentaci\uf3n y actividad f\uedsica. El nivel socioecon\uf3mico (NSE), peso al nacer de los j\uf3venes e IMC de los padres se obtuvieron con cuestionarios aplicados a los progenitores. Las prevalencias de obesidad global y central fueron 8,5% y 37,3%, respectivamente. Los factores de riesgo independientes para obesidad central fueron ser mujer, 18 o 19 a\uf1os de edad y exceso de peso de ambos padres. Este riesgo en mujeres se increment\uf3 en los NSE IV y V. Los factores de riesgo independientes para obesidad global fueron 18 o 19 a\uf1os, NSE I, II y III y exceso de peso de ambos padres. El sexo masculino y el bajo peso al nacer (BPN) fueron factores de riesgo para obesidad global dependientes de otros factores. Se concluye que el ICAT identifica m\ue1s obesos que el IMC. Es importante identificar la prevalencia de obesidad global y central, con sus factores de riesgo, con la finalidad de aplicar medidas de prevenci\uf3n y control efectivas en contra de la grave pandemia de obesidad. Palabras Claves del Autor: Obesidad; adolescentes; factores de riesgo. ABSTRACT GLOBAL VS CENTRAL OBESITY AND SOME RISK FACTORS AMONG ADOLESCENTS OF A MUNICIPALITY OF VENEZUELA The objective was to determine the prevalence of global and central obesity in school adolescents of Iribarren Municipality and some risk factors. A cross-association and prevalence study was conducted. 800 adolescents between 15 and 19 years old (405 men) were studied. The two-stage sampling was performed: a) random stratified selecction of 31 institutions according to their educational level; b) accidental non-probabilistic selection of adolescents. Body mass index (BMI) and waist to height ratio (WHR) were measured. Questionnaires on eating habits and physical activity were applied. Socioeconomic status (SES), birth weight of young and parental BMI were obtained with questionnaires administered to parents. The prevalence of global and central obesity were 8.5% and 37.3%, respectively. The independent risk factors for central obesity were being female, 18 or 19 years old and overweight both parents. This risk is increased in women of SES IV and V. The independent risk factors for global obesity were 18 or 19 years old, SES I, II and III and overweight both parents. Male gender and low birth weight were risk factors for global obesity dependent on other factors. It can conclude that the WHR identified more obeses than BMI, so it is important to know the prevalence of global and central obesity, as well as the risk factors, in order to implement effective prevention and control against the severe pandemic of obesity. Key words: obesity; adolescents; risk factors. <br

Estudio de eficiencia energética a los Edificios Carbonell y Georgina Blanes bajo las medidas de seguridad ante el Covid-19

[ES] El objetivo del presente proyecto es realizar un nuevo análisis de la eficiencia energética de los edificios Carbonell y Georgina Blanes de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de Alcoy. Considerando que los edificios están bajo un régimen de medidas de bioseguridad contra el COVID-19, se presentarán valores y resultados que serán comparados con su situación previa a la pandemia. La metodología empleada consiste en la toma de datos generales y específicos de los inmuebles para su introducción en el programa oficial CE3X para la certificación de eficiencia energética, agregando a su vez un estudio termográfico en diferentes espacios dentro de los mismos. En base a los datos adquiridos y las mediciones realizadas sobre los edificios y sus instalaciones, los resultados se interpretan de acuerdo con su contexto actual. Finalmente se ofrecen propuestas claras y concretas para el mejoramiento de las instalaciones de las edificaciones, aumento de la eficiencia energética y/o el bienestar de las personas hacen vida en ellos y el medio ambiente.[EN] The objective of this project is to build a brand-new energy efficiency study to Carbonell and Georgina Blanes buildings from Superior Polytechnic School of Alcoy, which are going to present results and values that are going to be compared to the ones before the COVID-19 biosafety measurements regime. The methodology applied consists in general and specific data collection from the buildings in order to be introduced in the official program CE3X to obtain the energy efficiency certificate. At the same time, a thermographic study in different spaces is set to be added to the buildings study. Based on the information acquired and the measures made on the objects and their installations, an interpretation is held according to its current context. Finally, clear and concrete proposals are designed for the installation’s improvement, increase of their energy efficiency, and/or the well-being of the people who make life within these spaces and the environment.Pernalete López, EA. (2021). Estudio de eficiencia energética a los Edificios Carbonell y Georgina Blanes bajo las medidas de seguridad ante el Covid-19. Universitat Politècnica de València. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/174646TFG

Validação qualitativa e quantitativa de um instrumento para medir a satisfação do estudante com a educação universitária

The main objective of this research is to validate qualitatively and quantitatively the instrument to measure the satisfaction of university students with their education (SEUE). This instrument was developed by Gento and Vivas (2003), and will be used later to evaluate the perception of Engineering students of the University of Zulia, in order to determine the relationships between satisfaction with respect to the variables measured and their academic performance. To achieve this objective, the previously designed instrument was submitted to expert judgment to determine its qualitative validity, and thus make the necessary modifications, to then apply it to a probabilistic sample composed of 336 subjects from a total population of 2653 active students of the School of Engineering of the University of Zulia. With these data, the reliability of the instrument was calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha and the Pearson correlation test was carried out. Subsequently, an exploratory factor analysis was carried out to determine the validity of the construct and to reduce the dimensions initially designed, to later calculate the criterion validity (concurrent validity) using a standard instrument. Finally, the stability and performance of the instrument was determined. At the end, it was possible to conclude that the dimensions could be reduced to six and the University Student Satisfaction could be measured by means of this instrument, since it proved it possesses stability and reproducibility to be used in future research.El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es validar cualitativa y cuantitativamente el instrumento para medir la satisfacción de los estudiantes universitarios con su educación (SEUE), el cual fue desarrollado por Gento y Vivas (2003), y, se empleará posteriormente para evaluar la percepción del alumnado de Ingeniería de La Universidad del Zulia, con el fin de determinar las relaciones existentes entre la satisfacción con respecto a las variables medidas y su desempeño académico. Para lograr este objetivo, se sometió a juicio de expertos el instrumento previamente diseñado para determinar su validez cualitativa, y así realizar las modificaciones necesarias, para luego aplicarlo a una muestra probabilística compuesta de 336 sujetos de una población total de 2653 estudiantes activos de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad del Zulia. Con estos datos, se calculó la confiabilidad del instrumento empleando el Alfa de Cronbach y se procedió a realizar la prueba de correlación de Pearson. Posteriormente, se efectúo un análisis factorial exploratorio para determinar la validez del constructo y lograr reducir las dimensiones diseñadas inicialmente, para luego calcular la validez de criterio (validez concurrente) empleando un instrumento patrón. Finalmente, se determinó la estabilidad y el rendimiento del instrumento. Al finalizar, se pudo concluir que las dimensiones podían ser reducidas a seis y la Satisfacción Estudiantil Universitaria podía ser medida por medio de este instrumento; ya que demostró poseer estabilidad y repoducibilidad para ser empleado en futuras investigaciones.O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é validar qualitativa e quantitativamente o instrumento para medir a satisfação dos estudantes universitários com sua educação (SEUE), que foi desenvolvido por Gento e Vivas (2003), e que posteriormente será utilizado para avaliar a percepção dos estudantes de Engenharia da Universidade de Zulia, para determinar as relações existentes entre a satisfação com relação às variáveis medidas e seu desempenho acadêmico. Para alcançar este objetivo, o instrumento previamente projetado foi submetido ao julgamento de especialistas para determinar sua validade qualitativa, e assim fazer as modificações necessárias, para depois ser aplicado a uma amostra de probabilidade de 336 sujeitos de uma população total de 2653 estudantes ativos na Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidad del Zulia. Com estes dados, a confiabilidade do instrumento foi calculada usando o alfa de Cronbach para fazer o teste de correlação de Pearson. Posteriormente, foi realizada uma análise de fatores exploratórios para determinar a validade do construto para reduzir as dimensões inicialmente projetadas, a fim de então calcular a validade do critério (validade concorrente) usando um instrumento padrão. Finalmente, foi determinada a estabilidade e o desempenho do instrumento. No final, pode-se concluir que as dimensões poderiam ser reduzidas a seis e a Satisfação do Estudante Universitário poderia ser medida por meio deste instrumento; uma vez que ele provou possuir estabilidade e reprodutibilidade para ser empregado em pesquisas futuras

Indicadores de confort relacionados con el desempeño académico de los estudiantes universitarios

The main objective of this research is to determine which indicators of comfort are related to the academic performance of university students. To achieve this, it was initiated by applying the questionnaire developed by Gento and Vivas (2003) consisting of 94 closed questions under a Likert scale, composed by 5 levels of satisfaction about the comfort conditions of the Institution distributed in 6 dimensions, specifically through stratified random sampling, applied to a sample consisting of 336 students of the Engineering Faculty of the University of Zulia, so it can be said that the present study is correlational, transectional and field type. After applying the questionnaire, the respective statistical analyzes were carried out, starting with the normality tests to determine the specific exams to be applied to study the proposed correlations by dimension and by each one of the indicators in study. Subsequently the respective analyzes were performed, finally finding 17 significant correlations of the 94 questions that were included in the questionnaire, and with this result an Ishikawa diagram was constructed, and it describes the behavior and the relations existing between the variables under study for the students of the faculty of Engineering of the University of Zulia at the moment of the measurements, noting that the dimensions that showed a greater number of significant correlations were the Teaching - Learning Process and Personal Relationships. &nbsp; Key Words: Comfort Indicators, Academic Performance, Students Satisfaction, Statistical Analysis, Correlation Analysis.La presente investigación tiene como finalidad determinar los indicadores del confort que tienen relación con el desempeño académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Para lograr esto, se inició aplicando el cuestionario desarrollado por Gento y Vivas (2003) que constaba de 94 preguntas cerradas bajo una escala Likert compuesta por 5 niveles de satisfacción con respecto a las condiciones de confort de la Institución, distribuidas en 6 dimensiones, a través de un muestreo aleatorio estratificado, aplicado a una muestra conformada por 336 estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad del Zulia, por lo que se puede decir que el presente estudio es de tipo correlacional, transeccional y de campo. Luego de aplicar el cuestionario, se procedió a realizar los análisis estadísticos respectivos, iniciando por las pruebas de normalidad para determinar las pruebas específicas a aplicar para estudiar las correlaciones planteadas por dimensión y para cada uno de los indicadores. Posteriormente se realizaron los análisis respectivos, encontrando finalmente 17 correlaciones significativas de las 94 preguntas de las que constaba el cuestionario, y con éste resultado se pudo construir un diagrama de Ishikawa que describe el comportamiento y las relaciones de las variables en estudio para los estudiantes de la facultad de Ingeniería de La Universidad del Zulia al momento de la medición, notándose que las dimensiones que evidenciaron un mayor número de correlaciones significativas eran las del Proceso de Enseñanza – Aprendizaje y Relaciones Personales. &nbsp; Palabras Clave: Confort, Desempeño Académico, Satisfacción Estudiantil, Análisis Estadístico, Análisis de Correlación

Crude Oil Desalting Process

Desalting is a water-washing operation performed initially at the production field and thereafter at the refinery site for additional crude oil cleanup. Salt and water content specifications are even more rigid because of their negative effect in downstream processes due to corrosion, and catalyst deactivation. An optimum formulation concept is presented to describe emulsion breaking in desalting process. In the stabilization mechanism is accepted that water droplets are stabilized by the formation of a mechanically strong and viscoelastic film at the interface composed of asphaltenes. In the case of water-in-crude-oil emulsions, a balanced optimum formulation is attained by adding to the lipophilic natural surfactants contained in the crude oil, demulsifiers which are hydrophilic. The aim is to relate the nature and concentration of the added demulsifier products to the amphiphilic mixture at the interface. All formulation parameters, such as solvent, alcohols, kind and concentration of demulsifier, amoung others, can be explained for proportional and saturation regimens

Kohonen's spatial-temporal model and neural network in the estimation of Gross Domestic Product, Exports and Imports

La propuesta de un modelo espacio-temporal y red neuronal artificial Kohonen de mapas autoorganizados para la investigación documental y descriptiva, pronostica el volumen monetario ARIMA del Producto Interno Bruto, Exportaciones e Importaciones para el período 2020-2022 en millones de soles 94,540;&nbsp; 21,184 y 24,827. Evidenciando el error porcentual absoluto MAPE en 4,22%; 7,45% y 5,54% para diciembre de 2022, en ajuste significativo a la base de datos 2007-2020 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Información INEI. El algoritmo de Kohonen, utilizó el aprendizaje no supervisado de tipo competitivo y se entrenó de tal forma que, en millones de soles por 20,000 unidades de incremento en el Producto Interno Bruto, las Exportaciones e Importaciones varían a 4,000 y 6,000 unidades.The proposal of a spatial-temporal model and Kohonen artificial neural network of self-organized maps for documentary and descriptive research, predicts the ARIMA monetary volume of Gross Domestic Product, Exports and Imports for the period 2020-2022 in millions of soles 94,540; 21,184 and 24,827. Evidence of the absolute percentage error MAPE in 4.22%; 7.45% and 5.54% for December 2022, in significant adjustment to the 2007-2020 database of the National Institute of Statistics and Information INEI. Kohonen's algorithm used unsupervised competitive learning and was trained in such a way that, in millions of soles per 20,000 units of increase in the Gross Domestic Product, Exports and Imports vary between 4,000 and 6,000 units

Enfoque hermenéutico del gerente educativo venezolano

In the interest of enriching the context of Venezuelan educational management we presented this research in order to delineate the pertinent principles that are involved in the same, such as social interaction and changes in complex educational environments. Taking into account the vertiginous variability of educational management styles, we considered that this hermeneutic approach, applied properly in all the institutions, levels and modalities of the Venezuelan educational system could generate improvements in effectiveness and efficiency through a contextualized interpretation.Con el interés de enriquecer el contexto de la gestión educativa venezolana, se presentó esta investigación para delinear los principios pertinentes que se involucran en la misma, como la interacción social y los cambios de la compleja realidad educativa. Conscientes de la vertiginosa variabilidad de los estilos gerenciales educativos, se ha considerado que este enfoque hermenéutico aplicado adecuadamente en todas las instituciones, niveles y modalidades del sistema educativo nacional, puede generar mejoras en la efectividad y eficiencia a través de la interpretación contextualizada

¿Por qué software libre en la educación?

The purpose of this essay is to present some theoretical considerations about the Free Software, its history, the difference with Freeware, its advantages and disadvantages, the kinds oflicenses and use the Free Softwares most frequently used. Due to the use ofFree Software in Venezuelan educational institutions with the aim of getting technological independence in all section ofthe public administration. The Instituto Pedagógico Luis Beltran Prieto Figueroa is incorporating Free Software to start to work with distant education, nevertheless, a question appears: Does the Upebista community know why the incorporation of Free Software, the advantages and disadvantages ofthis acquisition? At the end, it is point out that the liberties that Free Software offers permit the collaboration with other designers to update the programs, avoiding the code and effort repetition for the same purpose.El propósito de este ensayo es presentar algunas consideraciones de carácter teórico sobre el Software Libre. su historia, la diferencia con el Software gratuito, las ventajas y desventajas que presenta, los tipos de licencia y por último los Software Libres más usados. Todo esto ya que las autoridades educativas venezolanas incorporaron el empleo del Software Libre con el fin de lograr la independencia tecnológica e informática en todos los organismos y dependencias de la administración. pública. El Instituto Pedagógico de Barquisimeto "Luis Beltrán Prieto Figueroa" actualmente está incorporando Software Libre para empezar a impartir Educación a Distancia, sin embargo surge la interrogante ¿si la comunidad upebista entiende los motivos por el cual se incorpora Software Libre y las ventajas, desventajas que pueda proporcionar dicha adquisición? Se finaliza planteando que las libertades que ofrece el Software Libre permite la colaboración con otros diseñadores de programas para la actualización y mejoras de los mismos, evitando de esta manera la repetición de código y de esfuerzo para un mismo fin

Altered response of adenylate cyclase to parathyroid hormone during compensatory renal growth

Altered response of adenylate cyclase to parathyroid hormone during compensatory renal growth. The loss of renal mass is associated with functional adaptations in the remaining nephrons to maintain homeostasis. Although parathyroid hormone (PTH) is important in the adaptations to phosphate, the mechanisms are not completely defined. In the present studies we examined the response of the adenylate cyclase system to PTH in renal cortical membranes of rat kidneys ten days after unilateral nephrectomy. The kidneys obtained at the time of the initial nephrectomy were used as controls. Unilateral nephrectomy resulted in contralateral compensatory renal growth, as demonstrated by a 24 ± 4.7% (P < 0.01) increase in weight in the remaining kidney. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after unilateral nephrectomy was 62% of the control, while basal fractional phosphate excretion was higher in rats with unilateral nephrectomy (7.7 ± 2.1% vs. 2.9 ± 0.8%, P < 0.05). PTH infusion resulted in a similar increase of fractional phosphate excretion and urinary cAMP in both groups. In the absence of added guanine nucleotides, PTH-dependent adenylate cyclase activity in cortical membranes from kidneys with compensatory growth was decreased as compared to controls (Vmax807.5 ± 62.7 pmol cAMP/mg protein/30min vs. 1,384.8 ± 116.1, respectively, P < 0.01). The apparent affinity for PTH stimulation of adenylate cyclase (Kact) was unchanged. Magnesium-dependent adenylate cyclase activity was also decreased in the membranes from kidneys with compensatory growth. However, the kinetics of adenylate cyclase for the substrates ATP-Mg or ATP-Mn were similar. The addition of Gpp(NH)p resulted in a similar maximal response to PTH in the two groups, indicating an increased response of the enzyme to PTH in the presence of the guanine nucleotide. Cholera toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gs) showed a marked decrease in the apparent content of the alpha subunit in membranes from kidneys with compensatory growth compared to controls. On the contrary, pertussis toxin-dependent ADP-ribosylation of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein (Gi) did not show differences in the content of the alpha subunit in both groups of membranes. Since the transduction of the hormone signal from the receptor is mediated by G proteins, the present studies suggest that during compensatory renal growth a decrease in the alpha subunit of Gs could account for the impaired response of adenylate cyclase to PTH in vitro, which could be overcome by high concentrations of guanine nucleotides