Public responsibility in the matter of gender violence (Special reference to the daughters and sons of battered mothers)

Resumen. Las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género y sus hijas e hijos sufren una doble victimización, al haber vivido en un ambiente de violencia permanente dirigida en principio hacia sus madres, pudiendo llegar a ser triple cuando son testigos de este tipo de agresividad, que llega incluso a causarles la muerte. Tras el cese de la convivencia de la pareja no dejan de sufrir, en muchos casos, empiezan un régimen de visitas con el padre biológico, situación que los expone a un nuevo tipo de riesgo hacia ellos o a la madre a través de ellas y ellos. Este tipo de violencia es la llamada violencia vicaria. Tras las reformas normativas de 2015, se siguen otorgando regímenes de visitas, estancias y comunicaciones a progenitores que infringen malos tratos a la madre y no han aumentado prácticamente las medidas de protección a los menores en estos supuestos tras casi cuatro años trascurridos desde la entrada en vigor de dichas reformas. Es cierto que la solución está en la preparación especializada, pero, mientras la deseada formación de los operadores jurídicos deja huella, hay que aplicar medidas de protección a los menores y dar un paso más tomando conciencia del daño que se está cometiendo, asumir la responsabilidad que le corresponde al Estado y articular medidas indemnizatorias al igual que en su día se hizo con las víctimas del terrorismo. Sorprendentemente, ni Ley Orgánica 1/2004, ni las legislaciones autonómicas han incluido definiciones de la violencia institucional, que conlleva la obligación de reparación del daño por parte del Estado y su traducción en indemnizaciones para las víctimas.Palabras clave: violencia, género, institucional, responsabilidad, menores.Abstract.The daughters and children of women victims of gender violence suffer a double victimization, having lived in an environment of permanent violence directed in principle towards their mothers, and can be triple when they witness this type of violence, which even reaches cause them death. After the cessation of the cohabitation of the couple they do not stop suffering, in many cases, they begin a regime of visits with the father, situation that exposes them to a new type of violence towards them or to the mother through them and they, the called vicarious violence. In spite of the reforms of 2015, the visitation, stay and communication to parents that violate mistreatment of the mother continue to be granted, and practically no measures have been taken to protect minors in these cases in the three years since entry. in force of said reforms. While the desired training of legal operators leaves its mark, it is necessary to apply measures to protect minors and go a step further by becoming aware of the damage that is being committed, assuming the responsibility that corresponds to the State and articulating compensation measures as in his day was with the victims of terrorism. Surprisingly, neither Organic Law 1/2004, nor the regional legislations have included definitions of institutional violence, violence that entails the obligation to repair the damage by the State and its translation in compensation for the victimsKeywords: violence, gender, institutional, responsibility, Administration, minors

La educación de adultos en el marco universitario: los planes de formación de padres

[Resumen] El vertiginoso avance de la sociedad implica la necesidad de articular mecanismos que permitan una adaptación más adecuada de los ciudadanos a las nuevas exigencias sociales. Esto condiciona la labor de educar a las nuevas generaciones en la familia para posibilitar su incorporación a esta nueva dinámica social en continuo cambio. Ante esta situación, los padres manifiestan ciertas carencias formativas para afrontar la tarea de educar a sus hijos con criterios coherentes y eficaces. Desde el Área de Psicología Evolutiva de Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la UPSA se pretende dar respuesta a este tipo de necesidades formativas demandadas desarrollándose un Plan de Formación para Padres, que se contextualiza en la propia Universidad y tiene un carácter preventivo-educativo, siendo su núcleo fundamental la reflexión sobre las prácticas educativas en la familia. La finalidad de este proyecto ha sido ofrecer a los padres modelos adecuados en las prácticas educativas existentes y contribuir a la demanda de los centros escolares salmantinos para favorecer las relaciones familiaescuela. Además, con el fin de que los padres puedan asistir a las sesiones, el Plan se complementa con un Aula de Actividades Educativas Infantiles, donde se realizan diversas actividades lúdicas, contribuyendo a la socialización de los niños en un ambiente distendido[Abstract] The vertiginous advance of society involves the necessity to implement procedures that allow the citizens to able to adapt to the new social requirements. This fact determines the task of educating the new generations in the family to allow their inclusion to this new social dynamic which is constantly changing. In view of this situation, parents are showing certain lacks in their formation so as to face the task of educating their children with efficient and coherent criteria. In the Area of Evolutionary Psychology, belonging to the Faculty of Educational Sciences at the Pontifical University we try to provide a response to this kind or formative needs by developing a Plan for the Parents" Formation, which is set in the context of our University and which has a preventive-educational nature, being its basic aim to reflect on the educational practices in the family. " The purpose of this project is to offer the parents appropriate models in the existing educational practice and to contribute to the demand of the schools in Salamanca in order to favour the relation between the family and the school. Besides, so that parents can attend the sessions, this Plan is complemented with the establishment of a Classroom for Child Educational Activities, where varied ludic acti vities are carried out, contributing to the integration of children in society in the context of a relaxed environment

Increased Levels of Diadenosine Polyphosphates in Dry Eye

Purpose. To analyze the levels of the diadenosine polyphosphates Ap4A and Ap5A in tears, in a set of control subjects and in groups of symptomatic and nonsymptomatic persons with dry eye. Methods. Ninety-seven subjects participated in the study. The subjects were divided into five experimental groups: control subjects; symptomatic patients with normal tear secretion; symptomatic patients with low tear secretion; forced blink; and corneal mechanical stimulation provided by a gas esthesiometer. The Schirmer I test was used to measure and collect tear secretions from each subject. All samples were processed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and their Ap4A and Ap5A levels determined. Results. The levels of Ap4A and Ap5A in tears were greater in all symptomatic patients than in control subjects, especially in symptomatic subjects with low tear secretion. Within the symptomatic subjects with normal tear secretion, significant differences in concentrations of Ap4A and Ap5A were found between men and women. In the forced blink experiments, concentrations of the Ap4A and Ap5A rose with increasing blink frequency. When the cornea was mechanically stimulated, the levels of Ap4A and Ap5A rose significantly during both moderate and high-flow rate tests. Conclusions. The increased levels of Ap4A and Ap5A in tears of patients with dry eye allow these dinucleotides to be used as objective biomarkers in dry eye conditions

Na+-dependent D-mannose transport at the apical membrane of rat small intestine and kidney cortex

The presence of a Na+/D-mannose cotransport activity in brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV), isolated from either rat small intestine or rat kidney cortex, is examined. In the presence of an electrochemical Na+ gradient, but not in its absence, D-mannose was transiently accumulated by the BBMV. D-Mannose uptake into the BBMV was energized by both the electrical membrane potential and the Na+ chemical gradient. D-Mannose transport vs. external D-mannose concentration can be described by an equation that represents a superposition of a saturable component and another component that cannot be saturated up to 50 μM D-mannose. D-Mannose uptake was inhibited by D-mannose ≫ D-glucose > phlorizin, whereas for α-methyl glucopyranoside the order was D-glucose = phlorizin ≫ D-mannose. The initial rate of D-mannose uptake increased as the extravesicular Na+ concentration increased, with a Hill coefficient of 1, suggesting that the Na+ :D-mannose cotransport stoichiometry is 1:1. It is concluded that both rat intestinal and renal apical membrane have a concentrative, saturable, electrogenic and Na+-dependent D-mannose transport mechanism, which is different from SGLT1.Dirección General de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas PM99-012

Development of a mouse model for spontaneous oral squamous cell carcinoma in Fanconi anemia

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; Mouse model; Oral mucosaCarcinoma de células escamosas de cabeza y cuello; Modelo de ratón; Mucosa oralCarcinoma de cèl·lules escamoses de cap i coll; Model de ratolí; Mucosa oralFanconi anemia (FA) patients frequently develop oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This cancer in FA patients is diagnosed within the first 3–4 decades of life, very often preceded by lesions that suffer a malignant transformation. In addition, they respond poorly to current treatments due to toxicity or multiple recurrences. Translational research on new chemopreventive agents and therapeutic strategies has been unsuccessful partly due to scarcity of disease models or failure to fully reproduce the disease. Here we report that Fanca gene knockout mice (Fanca-/-) frequently display pre-malignant lesions in the oral cavity. Moreover, when these animals were crossed with animals having conditional deletion of Trp53 gene in oral mucosa (K14cre;Trp53F2-10/F2-10), they spontaneously developed OSCC with high penetrance and a median latency of less than ten months. Tumors were well differentiated and expressed markers of squamous differentiation, such as keratins K5 and K10. In conclusion, Fanca and Trp53 genes cooperate to suppress oral cancer in mice, and Fanca-/-;K14cre;Trp53F2-10/F2-10 mice constitute the first animal model of spontaneous OSCC in FA.This study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the projects CB16/12/00228/CIBERONC, PI18/00263 and P121/00208 and co-funded by FEDER and the European Union; and grants from the Spanish Fundacion Anemia de Fanconi and Fanconi Anemia Research Fund USA. J.P. was supported by a FEDER co-funded grant (ref PEJ2018-002040-A) from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades. J.O. was supported by a FEDER co-funded grant (ref PEJ-2019-TL_BMD-12905) from the Comunidad de Madrid. The funding sources were not involved in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication

Las tecnologías ¿un aliado o un enemigo para la educación?

En este trabajo conoceremos qué son las Tecnologías de la Información y de la Comunicación (TICs) desde el punto de vista de la educación y cuáles deberían ser sus principales funciones en las instituciones educativas. Para ello, hablamos de una integración curricular de las tecnologías con el fin de que se produzca una enseñanza de calidad, siendo uno de los puntos más importantes de esta integración la formación y la actitud de los docentes frente a las TICs. Así mismo, es necesario conocer las limitaciones y posibilidades que se presentan en su aplicación para poder analizar las consecuencias que presentan su uso. Por último, se muestran los resultados de un breve estudio descriptivo sobre la percepción de uso que tienen los futuros docentes, actuales estudiantes del 1º y 4º curso del Grado en Maestro de Educación Primaria, en el uso de las TICs. Para ello, se diseñó un formulario a través de la plataforma de Google Formulario y se seleccionó al alumnado a través de un muestreo probabilístico aleatorio. En dicho cuestionario se consideraron variables como la frecuencia de uso de las mismas, el tipo de actividades y su uso en el ámbito educativo.In this assignment we will learn what Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are from the point of view of education and what should be their main functions in educational institutions. To this end, we speak of a curricular integration of technologies in order to produce quality education, one of the most important points of this integration being the training and attitude of teachers towards ICTs. It is also necessary to know the limitations and possibilities of its application in order to be able to analyze the consequences of its use. Finally, we show the results of a brief descriptive study on the perception of the use of ICTs by future teachers, current students of the 1st and 4th year of the Degree in Primary Education Teaching. For this purpose, a form was designed through the Google Form platform and the student was selected through random probability sampling. The questionnaire considered variables such as frequency of use, type of activities and their use in the educational fields

Tear Secretion Induced by Selective Stimulation of Corneal and Conjunctival Sensory Nerve Fibers

Purpose. To measure the increase in tear secretion evoked by selective stimulation of the different populations of sensory receptors of the cornea and conjunctiva by using moderate and intense mechanical, chemical, and cold stimuli. Methods. Six healthy subjects participated in the study. Tear secretion was measured in both eyes by the Schirmer’s test conducted under control conditions and after stimulation of the center of the cornea and the temporal conjunctiva with a gas esthesiometer. Mechanical stimulation consisted in three pulses of 3 seconds’ duration of warmed air (at 34°C on the eye surface) applied at moderate (170 mL/min) and high (260 mL/min) flow rates. Cold thermal stimulation was made with cooled air that produced a corneal temperature drop of −1°C or −4.5°C. Chemical (acidic) stimulation was performed with a jet of gas containing a mixture of 80% CO2 in air. Results. The basal volume of tear secretion increased significantly (P < 0.05, paired t-test) after stimulation of the cornea with high-flow mechanical stimuli (260 mL/min), intense cooling pulses (−4.5°C), and chemical stimulation (80% CO2). The same stimuli were ineffective when applied to the conjunctiva. Moderate mechanical (170 mL/min) and cold (−1°C) stimulation of the cornea or the conjunctiva did not change significantly the volume of tear secretion. Conclusions. Reflex tear secretion caused by corneal stimulation seems to be chiefly due to activation of corneal polymodal nociceptors, whereas selective excitation of corneal mechanonociceptors or cold receptors appears to be less effective in evoking an augmented lacrimal secretion. Conjunctival receptors stimulated at equivalent levels do not evoke an increased tear secretion

Therapeutic potential of topical administration of siRNAs against HIF-1α for corneal neovascularization.

Given the implications of the problem of neovascularization on ocular health, as well as the growth in the number of cases, the purpose of the present study has been testing the efficacy of siRNAs (small interfering RNA) designed to silence Hypoxia Inducible Factor -1α (HIF-1α) and to demonstrate that their use stops neovascularization in a model of corneal burn. Corneal wounds in the limbic zone were made in the eyes of New Zealand white rabbits. Topical applications of siRNAs were done the next day to the wound for four consecutive days and eyes were examined with a slit lamp. Evaluation of neovascularization progress was done by analyzing images by ImageJTM and to determine the neovascular area in Matlab ® was used. At the same time, a rabbit corneal cell line was used for in vitro study of hypoxia exposure and Western blot analysis of the cell's extracts were done. Under normal cell culture oxygenation, the expression of HIF-1α was lower than that observed under hypoxic conditions. After 2 h of hypoxia, there was a significant increase in the HIF-1α expression, effect that was maintained up to 6 h. The increased in HIF-1α was mimicked by a cell permeable prolyl-4-hydroxylase inhibitor. Cobalt chloride showed no capacity to increase HIF-1α in vitro. The effect of three different siRNA on HIF-1α was tested after 4 h of hypoxia. siRNA#1 was able to silence 80% of HIF-1α expression, siRNA#2 and siRNA#3 reduce the expression in 45% and 40% respectively. In addition, the three siRNA were tested in a corneal model of neovascularization. scrambledsiRNA#2 was the most effective inhibitor of blood vessel production, followed by siRNA#3 and siRNA#1. Compared to the scrambled siRNA (100% of blood vessel generation), siRNA#2 blocked the presence of blood vessels by 83 ± 2%, siRNA#3 inhibited 45 ± 7% and siRNA#1 only inhibited 18 ± 5%. The necessary time to observe the 50% of effect showed values of NV50 of 10.2 ± 2.4 days for the scrambled siRNA, 9.1 ± 1.4 for siRNA#1, 6.5 ± 1.85 for siRNA#2 and 4.8 ± 1.8 days for siRNA#3. In conclusion, the topical application of siRNA towards HIF-1α seems to be an effective and reliable method to stop neovascularization.This work was supported by a grant from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF2010-16024 and SAF2013-44416-R) and RETICS (RD12/0034/0003), and a grant from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III of Spain and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER, “Una manera de hacer Europa”) (FIS-FEDER PI07-1168 to J. Mateo)S