Genetic Management of Virus Diseases in Peanut

Peanut, also known as groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major oilseed crop in the world. About 31 viruses representing 14 genera are reported to naturally infe.ct peanut in different parts of the world, although only a few of these are of economic importance. These include groundnutrosette disease in Africa, tomato spotted wilt-disease in the United States, peanut bud necrosis disease in south Asia, and peanut stripe virus disease in east and southeast Asia. Cucumber mosaic virus disease in China and Argentina and peanut stem necrosis disease in certain -pockets in southern India are also economically important. Host plant resistance provides the most effective and economic option to manage virus diseases. However, for many virus diseases, effective resistance gene(s) in cultivated peanut have not been identified. With a few exceptions, the virus resistance breeding work has received little attention in peanut improvement programs. Transgenic resistance offers another option in virus resistance breeding. This review focuses on the status of genetic resistance to various economically important groundnut viruses and'use of transgenic-technology for the improvement of virus resistance

Muscle strength in adults with spinal cord injury: a systematic review protocol of manual muscle testing, isokinetic and hand held dynamometry clinimetrics

Review question/objective The primary objective of this systematic review is to examine the best available evidence on the clinimetrics of the three main methods of assessing muscle strength: manual muscle testing (MMT), isokinetic dynamometry (ID) and hand held dynamometry (HHD). The clinimetric domains include: • Reliability • Validity • Responsiveness • Interpretability. A further objective is to determine whether it is appropriate for HHD to become the standard tool for measuring muscle strength for adults with spinal cord injury. Inclusion criteria Types of participants Adult population (adult being defined as 15 years and older in reference to the Australian Spinal Injury Registry which categorises young adults as > 15 years) with spinal cord injury, regardless of cause, time since injury, gender or ethnicity. Tests All studies evaluating MMT, IDs and HHDs in all of their variations administered by any health professional. Types of outcomes The objective outcomes will be measured in terms of the clinimetric domains of reliability, validity, responsiveness and interpretability for MMT, IDs and HHDs, as defined above.Kerry Peek, Prapaphan Pensu

Combining ability for resistance in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) to peanut bud necrosis tospovirus (PBNV)

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Evaluation of peanut genotypes for resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus by mechanical and thrips inoculation

Abstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the reactions of three peanut breeding lines and ICGV 86388) to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) by mechanical and thrips inoculation, under greenhouse conditions, and compare them to the reactions of cultivars SunOleic, Georgia Green, and the breeding line C11-2-39. TSWV infection by mechanical inoculation was visually assessed using an index ranging from 0 (no symptoms) to 4 (apical death). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to confirm TSWV infection from both mechanical and thrips inoculations. IC-10, IC-34, ICGV 86388, and C11-2-39 were more resistant than the cultivars SunOleic and Georgia Green based on mechanical inoculation. Upon thrips inoculation only IC-34 and ICGV-86388 were infected by TSWV, as demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), although no symptoms of infection were observed. The peanut breeding lines IC-10, IC-34, and ICGV 86388 show higher level of resistance to TSWV than cultivar Georgia Green considered a standard for TSWV resistance. Index terms: Arachis hypogaea, TSWV, mechanical transmission, thrips transmission. Avaliação de genótipos de amendoim em relação à resistência ao Tomato spotted wilt virus por meio de inoculação mecânica e por tripes Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as reações das linhagens de amendoim IC-10, IC-34 e ICGV 86388 quanto à resistência ao Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), por meio de inoculação mecânica e por tripes, em casa de vegetação, e compará-las às reações das cultivares SunOleic, Georgia Green e da linhagem C11-2-39. A infecção de TSWV após inoculação mecânica foi visualmente avaliada, utilizando-se escala de notas que variam de zero (sem sintomas) a quatro (morte apical). A análise pelo teste ELISA confirmou a infecção de TSWV em ambos os tipos de inoculação. As linhagens IC-10, IC-34, ICGV 86388 e C11-2-39 foram mais resistentes do que as cultivares SunOleic e Georgia Green, com base nos resultados da inoculação mecânica. Em relação à inoculação por tripes, apenas IC-34 e ICGV 86388 foram infectadas por TSWV, conforme demonstrado pela reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa (RT-PCR), embora nenhum sintoma de infecção tenha sido observado. As linhagens IC-10, IC-34 e ICGV 86388 mostram maior resistência ao vírus, quando comparadas à Georgia Green, considerada padrão de resistência ao TSWV. Termos para indexação: Arachis hypogaea, TSWV, transmissão mecânica, transmissão por tripes