ASPECTOS DA PANDEMIA DE COVID-19 NO ESTADO DO TOCANTINS: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA. ASPECTS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN THE STATE OF TOCANTINS: A LITERATURE REVIEW.

RESUMO Introdução: O novo coronavírus surgiu na cidade de Wuhan, na China central, através da comercialização de animais selvagens. Ele pode ser disseminado entre os indivíduos não só pelas vias respiratórias, mas também por exposição direta ou indireta com as mucosas ocular, bucal e nasal. No estado do Tocantins, em virtude da baixa adesão ao isolamento social e insuficiência de leitos hospitalares, associados à posição geográfica que promove interações entre regiões, lugares, cidades e pessoas, facilitando a propagação da Covid-19, ocorreu em Palmas a primeira notificação, em 18 de março de 2020. Já no interior do estado, a primeira ocorreu em 27 de março de 2020 em Araguaína, que exerce a segunda principal centralidade urbana no estado. Objetivos: Avaliar a influência dos aspectos socioeconômicos e demográficos no controle, manejo e resolução dos casos de Covid-19 do Estado do Tocantins. Metodologia: Foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico na base de dados eletrônicos do Google Scholar, utilizando-se os descritores “Covid-19”, “epidemiologia”, “pandemia” e “Tocantins”. Resultados:  Notou-se que os casos se concentram principalmente em polos regionais, onde rodovias e o movimento de pessoas contribuem de forma significativa para haver disseminação do coronavírus, sobretudo no Médio Norte do Araguaia, sendo Araguaína a cidade com a maior porcentagem de óbitos, a maioria do sexo masculino. Importante lembrar que os diferentes níveis socioeconômicos entre as populações do Tocantins exemplificados pela dificuldade de acesso à informação têm contribuído para o aumento do número de casos. Além disso, destaca-se a questão da subnotificação de casos assintomáticos e a insuficiência da distribuição de testes para todos. Conclusão: A circulação interestadual e internacional implicou na entrada e na disseminação da pandemia de Covid-19 no Tocantins, seguindo curvas ascendentes sobretudo em municípios sem nenhuma condição para o atendimento médico-hospitalar de casos graves, implicando, portanto, em maior demora para a flexibilização das atividades econômicas. Palavras-chave: COVID-19; Epidemiologia; Pandemia; Tocantins.   ABSTRACT Introduction: The new coronavirus first appeared in the city of Wuhan, in Central China, through the commercialization of wild animals. It can be disseminated not only through the airways, but also through direct or indirect exposure to the ocular, oral and nasal mucosa. In the state of Tocantins, due to low acceptence to social isolation and insufficient number of hospital beds, associated with the geographical position which promotes interactions between regions, places, cities and people, facilitating the spread of Covid-19, the first notification occurred in the capital Palmas, on March 18, 2020. In the other parts of the state, the first case was on March 27, 2020 in Araguaína, which represents the second main urban centrality in the state. Objectives: to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic and demographic aspects in the control, management and resolution of Covid-19 cases in the State of Tocantins. Methodology: A bibliographic survey was carried out on Google Scholar electronic database, using the descriptors "Covid-19", "epidemiology", "pandemic" and "Tocantins". Results: It was noted that the cases are mainly concentrated in regional centers, where highways and the mass movement of people contribute to spread the coronavirus, especially in the Middle North of Araguaia, with Araguaína being the city with the highest percentage of deaths, most male. It is important to remember that the different socioeconomic levels among the populations of Tocantins, exemplified by the difficulty in accessing information, have contributed to increase the number of cases. Moreover, the underreporting of asymptomatic cases and the insufficient distribution of tests to everyone are highlighted. Conclusion: The interstate and international circulation resulted in the entrance and dissemination of the Covid-19 pandemic in Tocantins, following upward curves, especially in municipalities without any condition for medical and hospital care of serious cases, thus implying a delay in flexibilization of the economic activities. Keywords: COVID-19; Epidemiology; Pandemic; Tocantins

To let hair be, or to not let hair be? Gender and body hair removal practices in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Research and anecdotal evidence suggest women continue to remove body hair, and there is some evidence for cultural changes in men’s hair removal practices. This paper reports on data collected using an online mix-methods survey from 584 New Zealanders between the ages of 18-35 (mean age 26, 48.9% male, 50.6% female). The data demonstrated that substantial proportions of both women and men in Aotearoa/New Zealand remove body hair from many sites. However, gendered differences remain, and a key dimension of gendered difference appears in the concept of flexible choice around body hair removal or retention. This was seen in the difference between perceived acceptability of having body hair (81% for men, 11% for women). These findings suggest that although men, like women, are now coming under some pressure to remove body hair, there is still a great difference in men and women’s capacity to choose whether to bow to it

Gendered dimensions of obesity in childhood and adolescence

BACKGROUND: The literature on childhood and adolescent obesity is vast. In addition to producing a general overview, this paper aims to highlight gender differences or similarities, an area which has tended not to be the principal focus of this literature. METHODS: Databases were searched using the terms 'obesity' and 'child', 'adolescent', 'teenager', 'youth', 'young people', 'sex', 'gender', 'masculine', 'feminine', 'male', 'female', 'boy' and 'girl' (or variations on these terms). In order to limit the potential literature, the main focus is on other reviews, both general and relating to specific aspects of obesity. RESULTS: The findings of genetic studies are similar for males and females, and differences in obesity rates as defined by body mass index are generally small and inconsistent. However, differences between males and females due to biology are evident in the patterning of body fat, the fat levels at which health risks become apparent, levels of resting energy expenditure and energy requirements, ability to engage in certain physical activities and the consequences of obesity for the female reproductive system. Differences due to society or culture include food choices and dietary concerns, overall physical activity levels, body satisfaction and the long-term psychosocial consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. CONCLUSION: This review suggests differences between males and females in exposure and vulnerability to obesogenic environments, the consequences of child and adolescent obesity, and responses to interventions for the condition. A clearer focus on gender differences is required among both researchers and policy makers within this field

Disordered eating behaviors: what about boys?

PURPOSE: To determine the characteristics specific to boys with disordered eating behaviors (DEB) and the general context in which these DEB occur. METHOD: Data were drawn from the SMASH02 database, a survey carried out among post-mandatory school students in Switzerland aged 16-20 years in 2002. Only males (N=3890) were included, and were classified into into one of four groups based on their level of concern about weight/food and on their eating behaviors, as follows: group 1: one concern without behavior (N=862); group 2: more than one concern without behavior (N=361); group 3: at least one behavior (N=798); and a control group (N=1869), according to previously validated items. Groups were compared for personal, family, school, experience of violence, and health-compromising behaviors variables on the bivariate level. All significant variables were included in a multinomial logistic regression using Stata 9 software. RESULTS: About one-half of the boys reported either a concern or unhealthy eating behavior. Compared with the control group, boys from the three groups were more likely to be students and to report a history of sexual abuse, delinquency, depression, and feeling fat. In addition, boys from group 3 were more likely to report a history of dieting, early puberty, peer teasing, having experienced violence, frequent inebriation, and being overweight. CONCLUSION: DEB concern adolescent males more frequently than thought and seem to be integrated in a general dysfunctional context, in which violence is predominant. Adolescent males also need to be screened for DEB. Moreover, prevention programs should target the increasing social and media pressure regarding boys ideal body shape and raise public consciousness about this phenomenon

Male physical attractiveness in Britain and Malaysia: a cross-cultural study

Three purported cues to perceived male physical attractiveness are the waist-to-chest ratio (WCR), body mass index (BMI) and the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). This study examined the relative contribution of each cue in several socio-economically distinct populations. Ninety-five female participants from Britain and Malaysia were asked to rate a set of images of real men with known WCR, BMI and WHR. The results showed clear differences along a gradient of socio-economic development. In urban settings, WCR was the primary component of attractiveness ratings, with BMI playing a smaller role and WHR not reaching significance. In the rural setting, BMI was the primary predictor of attractiveness, with WCR playing a more minor role and WHR not reaching significance. In general, urban participants were more reliant on body shape and chose a relatively slim figure with an ‘inverted triangle’ shape; rural participants were more reliant on body weight and chose a heavier figure with a less triangular shape. These findings are discussed in terms of evolutionary psychological explanations of mate selection and sociological theories that emphasise the effect of resource scarcity on preferences for body shapes and sizes