Release of extracellular membrane vesicles from microvilli of epithelial cells is enhanced by depleting membrane cholesterol

AbstractWe previously reported on the occurrence of prominin-1-carrying membrane vesicles that are released into body fluids from microvilli of epithelial cells. This release has been implicated in cell differentiation. Here we have characterized these vesicles released from the differentiated Caco-2 cells. We find that in these vesicles, prominin-1 directly interacts with membrane cholesterol and is associated with a membrane microdomain. The cholesterol depletion using methyl-β-cyclodextrin resulted in a marked increase in their release, and a dramatic change in the microvillar ultrastructure from a tubular shape to a “pearling” state, with multiple membrane constrictions, suggesting a role of membrane cholesterol in vesicle release from microvilli

A complex secretory program orchestrated by the inflammasome controls paracrine senescence

Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is crucial for tumour suppression. Senescent cells implement a complex pro-inflammatory response termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP reinforces senescence, activates immune surveillance and paradoxically also has pro-tumorigenic properties. Here, we present evidence that the SASP can also induce paracrine senescence in normal cells both in culture and in human and mouse models of OIS in vivo. Coupling quantitative proteomics with small-molecule screens, we identified multiple SASP components mediating paracrine senescence, including TGF-β family ligands, VEGF, CCL2 and CCL20. Amongst them, TGF-β ligands play a major role by regulating p15INK4b and p21CIP1. Expression of the SASP is controlled by inflammasome-mediated IL-1 signalling. The inflammasome and IL-1 signalling are activated in senescent cells and IL-1α expression can reproduce SASP activation, resulting in senescence. Our results demonstrate that the SASP can cause paracrine senescence and impact on tumour suppression and senescence in vivo

The role of circadian rhythms in epidermal homeostasis

The natural daily cycles of light and dark have played a fundamental role in shaping the development of an adaptive intrinsic clock mechanism which allows organisms to coordinate the function of multiple organs by setting the correct circadian timing of cellular processes ensuring proper homeostasis. In mammalian skin, homeostasis is maintained by epidermal stem cells (epSCs). EpSCs localize to specialized niches where they undergo cycles of quiescence and proliferation. Several pathways are known to play essential roles in epSC function; however, how are these pathways spatiotemporally coordinated, and why not all stem cells within the niche behave in the same manner, is still poorly understood. We have analyzed the role of the molecular circadian clock in fine-­‐tuning the behavior of epidermal stem cells. Using a fluorescent circadian reporter mouse model, we demonstrate that the dormant epidermal stem cell compartment contains two co-­‐existing populations of stem cells in different clock states. Global comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that each clock population corresponds to a distinct predisposition state of response towards stem cell activating and dormancy cues. We provide evidence that the core circadian transcription factors BMAL1 and CLOCK bind to regulatory elements in the promoters of several of these stem cell homeostatic genes, thus being directly responsible for creating these two stem cell clock states. Unbalancing this clock driven equilibrium of epSCs in vivo resulted in progressive changes in the response of stem cells to activating or dormancy cues, which led to a progressive premature tissue aging, and a significant reduction in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Thus, our results indicate that the molecular clock machinery fine-­‐tunes the spatiotemporal behavior of epidermal stem cells within their niche, and that perturbation of this mechanism affects tissue homeostasis and the predisposition to neoplastic transformation.Los ciclos naturales de luz y oscuridad han sido determinantes en el desarrollo de un reloj molecular intrínseco que permite coordinar la función de múltiples órganos para mantener la homeostasis global del organismo. La homeostasis del compartimento queratinocítico de la piel depende de una población de células troncales adultas epidermales (epSCs). Las epSCs están localizadas en nichos específicos y especializados desde dónde responden a las necesidades de repoblación celular del tejido mediante la alternancia de fases de quiescencia y proliferación. Varias rutas de señalización regulan el comportamiento de las epSCs; sin embargo, aún no entendemos bien porqué no todas las epSCs se comportan de la misma manera dentro de un mismo nicho troncal, y cómo están coordinadas a nivel espacio-­‐temporal. Hemos analizado el impacto del ritmo circadiano sobre las función de las epSCs. Mediante un ratón reportero fluorescente del ritmo circadiano hemos demostrado que el nicho troncal quiescente contiene dos poblaciones de epSCs en diferentes fases de su reloj molecular. El análisis comparativo global del transcriptoma de ambas poblaciones indicó que las dos poblaciones corresponden a dos estados opuestos de predisposición a responder a estímulos de activación y quiescencia. Mostramos resultados que demuestran que los factores de transcripción circadianos Bmal1 y Clock regulan directamente la expresión de genes que regulan el comportamiento de las epSCs. La arritmia in vivo en las epSCs resultó en una pérdida progresiva de la homeostasis tisular, un envejecimiento prematuro y una reducción significativa en el desarrollo de tumores escamosos de piel. Por lo tanto, nuestros resultados indican que la maquinaria del reloj molecular permite a las epSCs a anticiparse y coordinar su respuesta a estímulos locales del nicho, lo que constituye un mecanismo esencial para su correcta función en el tejid

GM1 and GM3 gangliosides highlight distinct lipid microdomains within the apical domain of epithelial cells

AbstractThe apical domain of epithelial cells is composed of distinct subdomains such as microvilli, primary cilia and a non-protruding region. Using the cholesterol-binding protein prominin-1 as a specific marker of plasma membrane protrusions we have previously proposed the co-existence of different cholesterol-based lipid microdomains (lipid rafts) within the apical domain [Röper, K., Corbeil, D. and Huttner, W.B. (2000), Retention of prominin in microvilli reveals distinct cholesterol-based lipid microdomains in the apical plasma membrane. Nat. Cell Biol. 2, 582–592]. To substantiate the hypothesis that the microvillar plasma membrane subdomains contain a distinct set of lipids compared to the planar portion we have investigated the distribution of prominin-1 and two raft-associated gangliosides GM1 and GM3 by fluorescence microscopy. GM1 was found to co-localize with prominin-1 on microvilli whereas GM3 was segregated from there suggesting its localization in the planar region. Regarding the primary cilium, overlapping fluorescent signals of GM1 or GM3 and prominin-1 were observed. Thus, our data demonstrate that specific ganglioside-enriched rafts are found in different apical subdomains and reveal that two plasma membrane protrusions with different structural bases (actin for the microvillus and tubulin for the cilium) are composed of distinct types of lipid

Analyzing the temporal regulation of translation efficiency in mouse liver

Mammalian physiology and behavior follow daily rhythms that are orchestrated by endogenous timekeepers known as circadian clocks. Rhythms in transcription are considered the main mechanism to engender rhythmic gene expression, but important roles for posttranscriptional mechanisms have recently emerged as well (reviewed in Lim and Allada (2013) [1]). We have recently reported on the use of ribosome profiling (RPF-seq), a method based on the high-throughput sequencing of ribosome protected mRNA fragments, to explore the temporal regulation of translation efficiency (Janich et al., 2015 [2]). Through the comparison of around-the-clock RPF-seq and matching RNA-seq data we were able to identify 150 genes, involved in ribosome biogenesis, iron metabolism and other pathways, whose rhythmicity is generated entirely at the level of protein synthesis. The temporal transcriptome and translatome data sets from this study have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus under the accession number GSE67305. Here we provide additional information on the experimental setup and on important optimization steps pertaining to the ribosome profiling technique in mouse liver and to data analysis

Expression Analysis of the Stem Cell Marker <i>Pw1/Peg3</i> Reveals a CD34 Negative Progenitor Population in the Hair Follicle

International audiencePw1/Peg3 is a parentally imprinted gene expressed in adult stem cells in every tissue thus far examined including the stem cells of the hair follicle. Using a Pw1/Peg3 reporter mouse, we carried out a detailed dissection of the stem cells in the bulge, which is a major stem cell compartment of the hair follicle in mammalian skin. We observed that PW1/Peg3 expression initiates upon placode formation during fetal development, coincident with the establishment of the bulge stem cells. In the adult, we observed that PW1/Peg3 expression is found in both CD34+ and CD34- populations of bulge stem cells. We demonstrate that both populations can give rise to new hair follicles, reconstitute their niche, and self-renew. These results demonstrate that PW1/Peg3 is a reliable marker of the full population of follicle stem cells and reveal a novel CD34- bulge stem-cell population. Stem Cells 2017;35:1015–102

Additional file 7: of Translational contributions to tissue specificity in rhythmic and constitutive gene expression

Expression plots for kidney and liver for the 178 common rhythmic genes of Fig. 3c. (ZIP 3338.28 kb