231 research outputs found
Complexity of Linear Summary Statistics
Families of linear functionals on a vector space that are mapped to each other by a group of symmetries of the space have a significant amount of structure. This results in computational redundancies which can be used to make computing the entire family of functionals at once more efficient than applying each in turn. This thesis explores asymptotic complexity results for a few such families: contingency tables and unranked choice data. These are used to explore the framework of Radon transform diagrams, which promise to allow general theorems about linear summary statistics to be stated and proved
Velocity-space sensitivity of the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer at JET
The velocity-space sensitivities of fast-ion diagnostics are often described by so-called weight functions. Recently, we formulated weight functions showing the velocity-space sensitivity of the often dominant beam-target part of neutron energy spectra. These weight functions for neutron emission spectrometry (NES) are independent of the particular NES diagnostic. Here we apply these NES weight functions to the time-of-flight spectrometer TOFOR at JET. By taking the instrumental response function of TOFOR into account, we calculate time-of-flight NES weight functions that enable us to directly determine the velocity-space sensitivity of a given part of a measured time-of-flight spectrum from TOFOR
Relationship of edge localized mode burst times with divertor flux loop signal phase in JET
A phase relationship is identified between sequential edge localized modes (ELMs) occurrence times in a set of H-mode tokamak plasmas to the voltage measured in full flux azimuthal loops in the divertor region. We focus on plasmas in the Joint European Torus where a steady H-mode is sustained over several seconds, during which ELMs are observed in the Be II emission at the divertor. The ELMs analysed arise from intrinsic ELMing, in that there is no deliberate intent to control the ELMing process by external means. We use ELM timings derived from the Be II signal to perform direct time domain analysis of the full flux loop VLD2 and VLD3 signals, which provide a high cadence global measurement proportional to the voltage induced by changes in poloidal magnetic flux. Specifically, we examine how the time interval between pairs of successive ELMs is linked to the time-evolving phase of the full flux loop signals. Each ELM produces a clear early pulse in the full flux loop signals, whose peak time is used to condition our analysis. The arrival time of the following ELM, relative to this pulse, is found to fall into one of two categories: (i) prompt ELMs, which are directly paced by the initial response seen in the flux loop signals; and (ii) all other ELMs, which occur after the initial response of the full flux loop signals has decayed in amplitude. The times at which ELMs in category (ii) occur, relative to the first ELM of the pair, are clustered at times when the instantaneous phase of the full flux loop signal is close to its value at the time of the first ELM
Different standards: engineers’ expectations and listener adoption of digital and FM radio broadcasting
As digital radio broadcasting enters its third decade of operation, few would argue that it has met all expectations expressed at the time of its launch in the mid-1990s. Observers are now more circumspect, with views divided on the pace of transition to an all-digital future. In exploring this mismatch between expectation and actuality, this article considers the introduction of FM radio from the 1950s. It too was expected to replace its forebear (AM) but, like digital radio, its adoption by listeners was slower than anticipated. An examination of published literature, in particular engineering and technical documents, reveals a number of similarities in the development of digital radio and FM. Assumptions about listeners’ needs and preferences appear to have been based on little actual audience research and, with continual reference in the literature to the supposed deficiencies of the predecessor technology, suggest an emphasis in decision making on the technical qualities of radio broadcasting over an appreciation of actual audience preferences
Control of Oxo-Group Functionalization and Reduction of the Uranyl Ion
yesUranyl complexes of a large, compartmental
N8-macrocycle adopt a rigid, “Pacman” geometry that stabilizes
the UV oxidation state and promotes chemistry at a single
uranyl oxo-group. We present here new and straightforward
routes to singly reduced and oxo-silylated uranyl Pacman
complexes and propose mechanisms that account for the
product formation, and the byproduct distributions that are
formed using alternative reagents. Uranyl(VI) Pacman
complexes in which one oxo-group is functionalized by a
single metal cation are activated toward single-electron
reduction. As such, the addition of a second equivalent of a
Lewis acidic metal complex such as MgN″2 (N″ = N(SiMe3)2) forms a uranyl(V) complex in which both oxo-groups are Mg
functionalized as a result of Mg−N bond homolysis. In contrast, reactions with the less Lewis acidic complex [Zn(N″)Cl] favor
the formation of weaker U−O−Zn dative interactions, leading to reductive silylation of the uranyl oxo-group in preference to
metalation. Spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational analysis of these reactions and of oxo-metalated products isolated
by other routes have allowed us to propose mechanisms that account for pathways to metalation or silylation of the exo-oxogroup
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