How the textbook is inserted in the pedagogical practice of Biology high school teachers in Sobradinho, Distrito Federal, Brazil

Textbooks have been present in teaching practices for a long time. It is commonplace to find students and teachers carrying several textbooks to school every day. However, does their presence in classes ensure their use? What roles do they play? Textbooks are teaching resources that are freely distributed by the Brazilian Federal government to public school students, by the National Textbook Program (Programa Nacional do Livro Didático - PNLD) and teachers choose the books to be delivered to their schools. These were factors that motivated the research about if these books become part of the teacher’s pedagogic practice and, if confirmed, how. Observations were made during biology lessons in some high schools in Sobradinho, Federal District (central Brazil), and questionnaires were distributed to the teachers, who were interviewed. The results show that the use of biology textbooks by teachers was restricted to planning the activities to be developed during the classes, thus pointing to their underutilisation in classrooms. Teachers do not often use the teacher’s guide, instrument that is part of the textbook. More studies about this subject are necessary in the teaching of biologyOs livros didáticos estão presentes no ensino há muito tempo. É comum encontrar estudantes e professores carregando vários livros didáticos todos os dias para a escola, mas a presença deles nas aulas garante seu uso? Quais papéis eles desempenham? Os livros didáticos são recursos distribuídos gratuitamente pelo governo federal para estudantes de escolas públicas pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático e os professores podem escolher os livros que são entregues às escolas. Esses foram os fatores que motivaram a pesquisa sobre se e como esses livros se tornam parte da prática pedagógica do professor e, se confirmados, como. Observações foram feitas durante aulas de biologia em algumas escolas de ensino médio em Sobradinho, Distrito Federal, e foram distribuídos questionários aos professores entrevistados. Os resultados mostram que o uso de livros didáticos de biologia pelos professores se restringiu ao planejamento das atividades desenvolvidas durante a aula, apontando, assim, para sua subutilização nas salas de aula. Os professores não costumam usar o manual do professor, instrumento que faz parte do livro didático. Mais estudos sobre esse assunto são necessários no ensino de biologia.Los libros de texto están presentes en la enseñanza desde hace mucho tiempo. Es común encontrar estudiantes y profesores cargando varios libros de texto todos los días para la escuela, pero su presencia en las clases garantiza su uso? ¿Qué roles desempeñan? Los libros de texto son recursos distribuidos gratuitamente por el gobierno federal para estudiantes de escuelas públicas, por el Programa Nacional del Libro Didáctico y los profesores pueden elegir los libros que se entregan para las escuelas. Estos fueron los factores que motivaron la investigación sobre si y cómo esos libros se convierten en parte de la práctica pedagógica del profesor y, si se confirman, ¿como?. Las observaciones fueron realizadas durante clases de biología en algunas escuelas de enseñanza secundaria en Sobradinho, Districto Federal, y se distribuyeron cuestionarios a los profesores entrevistados. Los resultados muestran que el uso de los libros de texto de biología por los profesores se restringió a la planificación de las actividades desarrolladas durante la clase, apuntando así a su infrautilización en las aulas. Los profesores no suelen usar el manual del profesor, instrumento que forma parte del libro de texto en el Programa Nacional. Más estudios sobre este tema son necesarios en la enseñanza de la biología

Assessment of exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke in Spain: A scoping review

Introduction: There is no consensus on the questions that should be included in questionnaires to properly ascertain exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS). The objective of this study is to analyze the questions included in studies which have assessed SHS exposure in Spain. Methods: A scoping review was performed, using PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases, selecting original articles published in English and Spanish, across the period 2012-2021. We extracted data from each study regarding its design, target population, sample size or geographical scope; we also collected data regarding how studies dealt with exposure to SHS including assessment and intensity of SHS, exposure setting, geographical scope, and the verbatim questions used. Results: Finally, 75 studies were identified. In the 23 studies carried out in children, verbatim questions were included in 8 studies, and the setting most studied was the home. SHS exposure was assessed during pregnancy and postnatally by 8 studies, the verbatim questions used were described in 2 studies, being exposure ascertained at home and workplace. In the adult population, 14 of 44 studies described the verbatim questions; the setting most studied was the home. Verbatim questions varied among studies. Conclusions: Questionnaire-based assessment of SHS exposure is highly heterogeneous, hindering comparability between studies. Therefore, it is necessary to set a standard questionnaire to assess exposure to SHS

Estimations of smoking-attributable mortality in Spain at a regional level: comparison of two methods

Purpose: To estimate and discuss smoking-attributable mortality (SAM) for the 17 regions in Spain among the population aged ≥35 years in 2017, using two methods. Methods: A descriptive analysis of SAM was conducted using two methods, the prevalence-independent method (PIM) and the prevalence-dependent method (PDM). Observed mortality was obtained from the National Institute of Statistics; smoking prevalence from three National Health Surveys; lung cancer mortality rates from the Cancer Prevention Study-II; and relative risks from five US cohorts. SAM and percentages of change were estimated for each region overall, by sex, age and cause of death. Results: In 2017, tobacco caused 56,203 deaths in Spain applying the PIM. Using the PDM the number of deaths was 4.4% (95% CI: 3.4-5.5) lower (53,825 deaths). Except in four regions, the PIM estimated a higher overall SAM and the maximum percentage of change was 18.6%. Overall percentages of change were higher for women (15.7% 95% CI: 12.6-19.0) and for cardiovascular diseases-diabetes mellitus (13.8%; 95% CI: 11.5-16.2). Conclusions: At the national level, both methods estimate similar figures for SAM. However, the difference in estimates appears at the subnational level. Differences were higher in subgroups with lower smoking prevalence and for causes of death with periods of induction shorter than those for lung cancer.This paper forms part of the research conducting to the PhD degree of Julia Rey-Brandariz, who has received a FPU fellowship (reference number FPU20/00926), from the Ministry of Universities of Spain. This study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the project “PI19/00288″ and co-funded by the European Union.S

Mortality Attributable to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Spain in 2020

Introduction and objectives: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of ETS exposure in Spain on mortality in 2020 in the population aged 35 years and over. Methods: A method of estimating attributable mortality (AM) based on the prevalence of ETS exposure was applied. Prevalence data were obtained from a representative study conducted in Spain and the relative risks were derived from a meta-analysis. AM point estimates are presented along with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), calculated using a bootstrap naive procedure. AM, both overall and by smoking habit, was estimated for each combination of sex, age group, and cause of death (lung cancer and ischemic heart disease). A sensitivity analysis was performed. Results: A total of 747 (95% CI 676–825) deaths were attributable to ETS exposure, of which 279 (95% CI 256–306) were caused by lung cancer, and 468 (95% CI 417–523) by ischemic heart disease. Three quarters (75.1%) of AM occurred in men and 60.9% in non-smokers. When chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cerebrovascular disease are included, the burden of AM is estimated at 2242 deaths. Conclusions: ETS exposure is associated with 1.5% of all deaths from lung cancer and ischemic heart disease in the population aged 35 and over. These data underline the need for health authorities to focus on reducing exposure to ETS in all settings and environmentsInstituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), reference: PI22/00727, co-funded by the European UnionS

RISK FACTORS FOR OPERATIVE WOUND INFECTION IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PEDIATRIC CARDIAC SURGERY

  Surgical wound infection is a significant complication in patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery, which can compromise the postoperative recovery process and increase morbidity. Several risk factors are associated with this condition, including patient characteristics, type of surgical procedure, hospital environment, and postoperative care practices. Understanding these factors is crucial to developing effective prevention strategies and optimizing clinical outcomes in this vulnerable population. Objective: To analyze and synthesize the available evidence on the risk factors for surgical wound infection in patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery. The aim is to identify patterns and gaps in the literature, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the elements that influence the occurrence of this specific complication. Methodology: The review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases were consulted to identify studies published in the last 10 years, using the descriptors "pediatric heart surgery", "operative wound infection", "risk factors", "children" and "prevention ". Three inclusion criteria were established, considering original studies that addressed risk factors in pediatric cardiac surgery, while three exclusion criteria were applied to filter articles that did not meet the specific objectives of the review. Results: Results revealed a variety of risk factors, including patient age, length of surgery, presence of comorbidities, and infection control practices. The review highlighted the importance of specific preventive strategies for the pediatric population undergoing cardiac procedures. Conclusion: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of risk factors for surgical wound infection in pediatric cardiac surgery, emphasizing the need for personalized prevention approaches. The conclusions highlight the importance of targeting preventive interventions, adapting them to the unique characteristics of this population, aiming to improve clinical results and reduce the incidence of postoperative infections.  Surgical wound infection is a significant complication in patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery, which can compromise the postoperative recovery process and increase morbidity. Several risk factors are associated with this condition, including patient characteristics, type of surgical procedure, hospital environment, and postoperative care practices. Understanding these factors is crucial to developing effective prevention strategies and optimizing clinical outcomes in this vulnerable population. Objective: To analyze and synthesize the available evidence on the risk factors for surgical wound infection in patients undergoing pediatric cardiac surgery. The aim is to identify patterns and gaps in the literature, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of the elements that influence the occurrence of this specific complication. Methodology: The review was conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The PubMed, Scielo and Web of Science databases were consulted to identify studies published in the last 10 years, using the descriptors "pediatric heart surgery", "operative wound infection", "risk factors", "children" and "prevention ". Three inclusion criteria were established, considering original studies that addressed risk factors in pediatric cardiac surgery, while three exclusion criteria were applied to filter articles that did not meet the specific objectives of the review. Results: Results revealed a variety of risk factors, including patient age, length of surgery, presence of comorbidities, and infection control practices. The review highlighted the importance of specific preventive strategies for the pediatric population undergoing cardiac procedures. Conclusion: This systematic review provides a comprehensive overview of risk factors for surgical wound infection in pediatric cardiac surgery, emphasizing the need for personalized prevention approaches. The conclusions highlight the importance of targeting preventive interventions, adapting them to the unique characteristics of this population, aiming to improve clinical results and reduce the incidence of postoperative infections

CLL-like B-lymphocytes are systematically present at very low numbers in peripheral blood of healthy adults

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in the Western world. The disease is typically diagnosed in adults >40 years old, who show an expansion (>5 × 109 cells per l) of clonal B-cells with a unique CD5+, CD23+, B-cell receptor (BCR)low immunophenotype in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow, frequently in association with involvement of other lymphoid tissues, disease symptoms and a heterogeneous clinical outcome.Peer Reviewe

La valoración de la exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco en las encuestas de salud de España

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir las preguntas empleadas para valorar la exposición al humo ambiental de tabaco (HAT) en las encuestas de salud en España. Método: Extracción y análisis de literales de las preguntas sobre HAT de las encuestas de salud de España identificadas en las páginas web del Ministerio de Sanidad, Plan Nacional sobre Drogas y Consejerías de Sanidad de las comunidades autónomas. Resultados: Tres encuestas de ámbito nacional valoran la exposición al HAT, con variabilidad en las preguntas, las respuestas o el periodo de recuerdo. Cataluña en 2022, Galicia en 2018 y el País Vasco en 2018 valoraron la exposición de forma detallada. Conclusiones: Las preguntas orientadas a valorar la exposición autodeclarada al HAT son dependientes de la encuesta. Es necesario disponer de un conjunto de preguntas que permitan valorar la exposición de manera homogénea en las encuestas de salud. Abstract: Objective: To describe the questions used to assess exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) in Spanish health surveys. Method: Extraction and analysis of the literals of the questions on SHS in the health surveys in Spain identified on the website of the Ministry of Health, the National Plan on Drugs and Health Departments of the autonomous communities. Results: Three nationwide surveys assessed SHS exposure, with variability in questions, responses, and recall periods. Catalonia in 2022, and Galicia and the Basque Country in 2018, assessed exposure in detail. Conclusions: Questions assessing self-reported exposure to SHS are survey-dependent. There is a need for a set of questions to assess exposure in a homogeneous way in health surveys

CLL-like B-lymphocytes are systematically present at very low numbers in peripheral blood of healthy adults

[EN] Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in the Western world. The disease is typically diagnosed in adults >40 years old, who show an expansion (>5 × 109 cells per l) of clonal B-cells with a unique CD5+, CD23+, B-cell receptor (BCR)low immunophenotype in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow, frequently in association with involvement of other lymphoid tissues, disease symptoms and a heterogeneous clinical outcome. In parallel, monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), typically characterized by an expansion of clonal CLL-like B-cells (<5 × 109 cells per l), has been also frequently reported in otherwise asymptomatic subjects.1, 2 Increasing evidence suggests that this could represent a pre-leukemic condition, as CLL frequently develops in individuals with previous history of MBL, and MBL cases progress to CLL at a rate of 1% per year

Contribuições para uma agenda de desenvolvimento do Brasil

Inclui bibliografia e notas de rodapé. Apresentação -- A reorientação do desenvolvimento industrial -- A estrutura recente de proteção nominal e efetiva no Brasil / [coordenado pela economista Marta Reis Castilho, colaboradores Ana Urraca Ruiz ... [et al.] -- Uma nova agenda para a política de comércio exterior do Brasil / [preparado por Vera Thorstensen e Lucas Ferraz, colaboradores Carolina Muller e Thiago Nogueira] -- O cúmulo da cumulatividade tributária -- O comércio bilateral Brasil-China e a produção industrial brasileira