Políticas públicas y educación de la primera infancia en Honduras

The Central American and Caribbean Early Literacy Network (RedLEI) led a regional research project on public policy and early childhood education. This article presents the results for the Honduras chapter. This qualitative study's results are based on documentary analysis and interviews with 17 specialists. Through the analysis of eight dimensions of early childhood education, important advances were identified in terms of universal coverage, curriculum, and community participation at the policy and implementation levels. However, gaps were revealed in areas such as coverage and the certification of program quality, due primarily to inequalities present in rural and marginal urban contexts of Honduras.La Red para la Lectoescritura Inicial de Centroamérica y el Caribe (RedLEI) desarrolló una investigación regional sobre políticas públicas y educación de la primera infancia. Este artículo presenta los hallazgos del caso hondureño. El estudio es de naturaleza cualitativa y se fundamenta en el análisis documental y entrevistas a 17 actores claves. A partir del examen de ocho dimensiones, se identificaron avances importantes en materia de obligatoriedad, currículo y participación comunitaria a nivel de la política y su implementación; sin embargo, se revelaron brechas en aspectos como la cobertura y la acreditación de la calidad de los programas, debido primordialmente a las desigualdades que se generan por los contextos rurales y urbano marginales de la nación hondureña.  &nbsp

Formación inicial de docentes para la atención a la diversidad en contextos inclusivos

Teachers are a fundamental part of the educational process. Therefore, their professional quality, work performance, and commitment to results are key elements for education to respond to the demands of today’s society in harmony with the expectations of communities, families and students (OREALC, 2006). In addition, new educational models and the conception of diversity as an intrinsic value of education demand a new teaching profile. In this sense, the purpose of this research was to identify a model of initial teacher training to attend to diversity. To this end, an action research process was carried out with students of the Basic Education career. As a result of the implementation of the action plan, the participants stated that they had increased the competencies related to the attention to diversity in inclusive contexts.Los docentes son una pieza fundamental del proceso educativo. Por ello, su calidad profesional, desempeño laboral, y compromiso con los resultados son elementos claves para que la educación responda a las demandas de la sociedad actual en armonía con las expectativas de las comunidades, las familias y los estudiantes (OREALC, 2006). Sumado a ello, los nuevos modelos educativos y la concepción de la diversidad como un valor intrínseco de la educación exigen un nuevo perfil docente. En este sentido la presente investigación, tuvo como propósito identificar un modelo de formación inicial de docentes para atender la diversidad, para ello se realizó un proceso de investigación -acción con estudiantes de la carrera de Educación Básica. Como resultado de la implementación del plan de acción, los participantes manifestaron haber incrementado las competencias vinculadas con la atención a la diversidad en contextos inclusivos

Estágio administrativo-contábil: vinculação entre teoria e prática na formação inicial de docentes

This article focuses on the findings of a research project whose purpose is to reveal how external practices contribute to linking theory and practice in initial teacher training and to identify the perceptions and assessments of participants about this training experience. The method combines quantitative and qualitative techniques in order to understand the reality studied. Distance students, advising teachers, and tutors of practice centers participated in the study. Research resultsshow that the implementation of this training experience has helped, to a large extent, to strengthen and consolidate the capacities of this disciplinary field and to develop generic skills.Este artículo se focaliza en los hallazgos de un proyecto de investigación cuyo propósito es develar cómo las prácticas externas contribuyen a la vinculación de la teoría y la práctica en la formación inicial de docentes. Además, identificar las percepciones y las valoraciones que los involucrados en ese proceso hacen sobre esta experiencia formativa. El método combina técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas con la intención de comprender la realidad en estudio. Se consideró la participación de estudiantes de la modalidad a distancia, docentes asesores y tutores de los centros de práctica. Los resultados de investigación evidencian que la implementación de esta experiencia formativa ha contribuido, en gran medida, a fortalecer y afianzar capacidades del campo disciplinar, así como el desarrollo de competencias genéricas.Este artigo foca nos achados de um projeto de pesquisa cujo objetivo é demonstrar como os estágios contribuíram para vincular a teoria e a prática na formação inicial de docentes. Além disso, identificar as percepções e as considerações que os envolvidos nesse processo fazem sobre essa experiência formativa. O método combina técnicas quantitativas e qualitativas com a intenção de compreender a realidade em estudo. Foi considerada a participação de estudantes da modalidade a distância, docentes assistentes e tutores dos centros de estágio. Os resultados evidenciam que a implantação dessa experiência formativa contribui, em grande medida, para fortalecer e consolidar capacidades do campo disciplinar, além de desenvolver competências genéricas

Implementação do roteiro metodológico como experiência curricular universitária para o desenvolvimento de competências cooperativas

Objetivo. Evaluar la promoción de la competencia cooperativa en el contexto de la formación inicial docente desde la percepción del alumnado y del equipo de docentes. Metodología: Se diseñó desde un enfoque cualitativo y desde las tradiciones metodológicas de la investigación-acción en el aula y de la narrativa-biográfica, una propuesta curricular basada en el guion metodológico del espacio pedagógico de psicología del aprendizaje, como formato didáctico a implementar en el aula; desde una mirada evaluativa se analizaron tres fases: inicial, procesual y final. Los instrumentos empleados fueron un cuestionario cerrado, para evaluar las necesidades formativas del alumnado, el diario del investigador o investigadora para registrar las reflexiones del equipo docente y una entrevista semiestructurada aplicada a estudiantes. Las personas participantes fueron 47 estudiantes y el equipo docente estuvo integrado por 3 profesionales. Resultados. Los resultados indican que, para el alumnado, la experiencia formativa implementada favoreció la reconstrucción de significados, experiencias y comprensiones sobre el trabajo cooperativo en el contexto de la profesión y, desde la percepción del personal docente permitió nuevos espacios de reflexión e integración de la teoría y la práctica. Conclusión. La experiencia curricular implementada en un contexto dialógico y cooperativo permitió comprender que la competencia cooperativa, no es un fin en sí misma, sino que favorece la construcción de la identidad docente.Aim. Cooperative competence is considered a key in the teaching profession, which is why this work evaluated its promotion from the perception of students and teachers in the context of initial training. Method. For this, a curricular proposal was designed from the action research perspective in the classroom, from the methodological script of the pedagogical space of learning psychology, and from an evaluative perspective analyzing initial, procedural, and final phases. The instruments used were a closed questionnaire to assess the students’ training needs, a researcher’s journal to record the reflections of the teaching team, and a semi-structured interview applied to students. The participants were 47 students 3 teachers. Results. The results indicate that, for the students, the training experience implemented favored the reconstruction of meanings, experiences, and understandings of cooperative work in the context of the profession and, from the teachers’ perception, allowed new spaces for reflection and integration of the theory and practice. Conclusion. The curricular experience implemented in a dialogical and cooperative context allowed understanding that cooperative competence is not an end in itself but rather favors the construction of teaching identity.Objetivo. Avaliar a promoção da competência cooperativa no contexto da formação inicial a partir da percepção dos estudantes e da equipe docente. Metodologia. Para tanto, delineouse uma proposta curricular e enfoque qualitativo, a partir da investigação-ação na sala de aula e da narrativa biográfica, a partir do roteiro metodológico do espaço pedagógico da psicologia da aprendizagem e, sob uma perspectiva avaliativa, foram analisadas três fases: inicial, processual e final. Os instrumentos utilizados foram um questionário fechado, para avaliar as necessidades formativas do grupo de estudantes, o diário do pesquisador para registrar as reflexões da equipe de docentes e uma entrevista semiestruturada aplicada aos estudantes. Participaram 47 estudantes e a equipe docente era composta por 3 profissionais. Resultados. Os resultados indicam que, para o grupo de estudantes, a experiência de formação implementada favoreceu a reconstrução de significados, experiências e entendimentos sobre o trabalho cooperativo no contexto da profissão e, a partir da percepção da equipe docente, permitiu novos espaços de reflexão e integração da teoria e da prática. Conclusão. A experiência curricular implementada em um contexto dialógico e cooperativo nos permitiu entender que a competência cooperativa não é um fim em si mesma, mas favorece a construção da identidade docente

Buenas prácticas de atención y educación en la primera infancia en Centroamérica y República Dominicana

This study presents evidence-based best practices in early childhood care and education. The results are derived from a literature review used to build a conceptual framework for this regional study, which was carried out by the Central American and Caribbean Early Literacy Network (RedLEI). The evidence is organized into eight dimensions: 1) political and financial environment; 2) supervision, monitoring, and support; 3) teaching and learning: (curriculum); 4) staff capacity, leadership, and management; 5) socio-emotional relationships; 6) classroom design, environment, and safety; 7) families and communities; and 8) health and nutrition.Este artículo presenta las buenas prácticas basadas en la evidencia en la atención y educación de la primera infancia. Los hallazgos provienen de la revisión de la literatura relevante para construir el marco conceptual de la investigación de la Red para la Lectoescritura Inicial en Centroamérica y el Caribe (RedLEI). Las evidencia investigativa identificadas se organizan en ocho dimensiones: 1) ambiente político y financiero, 2) supervisión, monitoreo y acompañamiento, 3) enseñanza-aprendizaje: (currículo), 4) capacidad del personal, liderazgo y gestión, 5) relaciones socio afectivas, 6) diseño de ambiente y seguridad del aula, 7) familia y comunidades y 8) salud y nutrición

Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study.

INTRODUCTION: There are few published empirical data on the effects of COVID-19 on mental health, and until now, there is no large international study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an online questionnaire gathered data from 55,589 participants from 40 countries (64.85% females aged 35.80 ± 13.61; 34.05% males aged 34.90±13.29 and 1.10% other aged 31.64±13.15). Distress and probable depression were identified with the use of a previously developed cut-off and algorithm respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics were calculated. Chi-square tests, multiple forward stepwise linear regression analyses and Factorial Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) tested relations among variables. RESULTS: Probable depression was detected in 17.80% and distress in 16.71%. A significant percentage reported a deterioration in mental state, family dynamics and everyday lifestyle. Persons with a history of mental disorders had higher rates of current depression (31.82% vs. 13.07%). At least half of participants were accepting (at least to a moderate degree) a non-bizarre conspiracy. The highest Relative Risk (RR) to develop depression was associated with history of Bipolar disorder and self-harm/attempts (RR = 5.88). Suicidality was not increased in persons without a history of any mental disorder. Based on these results a model was developed. CONCLUSIONS: The final model revealed multiple vulnerabilities and an interplay leading from simple anxiety to probable depression and suicidality through distress. This could be of practical utility since many of these factors are modifiable. Future research and interventions should specifically focus on them

Clustering COVID-19 ARDS patients through the first days of ICU admission. An analysis of the CIBERESUCICOVID Cohort

Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) can be classified into sub-phenotypes according to different inflammatory/clinical status. Prognostic enrichment was achieved by grouping patients into hypoinflammatory or hyperinflammatory sub-phenotypes, even though the time of analysis may change the classification according to treatment response or disease evolution. We aimed to evaluate when patients can be clustered in more than 1 group, and how they may change the clustering of patients using data of baseline or day 3, and the prognosis of patients according to their evolution by changing or not the cluster.Methods Multicenter, observational prospective, and retrospective study of patients admitted due to ARDS related to COVID-19 infection in Spain. Patients were grouped according to a clustering mixed-type data algorithm (k-prototypes) using continuous and categorical readily available variables at baseline and day 3.Results Of 6205 patients, 3743 (60%) were included in the study. According to silhouette analysis, patients were grouped in two clusters. At baseline, 1402 (37%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2341(63%) in cluster 2. On day 3, 1557(42%) patients were included in cluster 1 and 2086 (57%) in cluster 2. The patients included in cluster 2 were older and more frequently hypertensive and had a higher prevalence of shock, organ dysfunction, inflammatory biomarkers, and worst respiratory indexes at both time points. The 90-day mortality was higher in cluster 2 at both clustering processes (43.8% [n = 1025] versus 27.3% [n = 383] at baseline, and 49% [n = 1023] versus 20.6% [n = 321] on day 3). Four hundred and fifty-eight (33%) patients clustered in the first group were clustered in the second group on day 3. In contrast, 638 (27%) patients clustered in the second group were clustered in the first group on day 3.Conclusions During the first days, patients can be clustered into two groups and the process of clustering patients may change as they continue to evolve. This means that despite a vast majority of patients remaining in the same cluster, a minority reaching 33% of patients analyzed may be re-categorized into different clusters based on their progress. Such changes can significantly impact their prognosis

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Competencias docentes para la atención a la diversidad: investigación-acción en la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán de Honduras

Se desarrolla una investigación acción, a partir de las necesidades formativas identificadas en relación a la atención a la diversidad y la inclusión en estudiantes de último año de magisterio de la Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán de Honduras. Posterior a la etapa de diagnóstico del estudio en la que participaron 470 estudiantes se diseñó, implementó y evaluó un plan de acción con 22 alumnos del Grado de Maestro en Educación Básica que tenía por objeto la adquisición y desarrollo de competencias docentes para la atención a la diversidad desde una perspectiva inclusiva. Los resultados revelan que el plan de acción contribuyó al desarrollo de la competencia teórica y práctica para la atención a la diversidad y la inclusión.Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperación del Reino de España a través de la Fundación Carolina, Madrid, España (Convocatoria 2011) y Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán, Fondo de Becas de la UPNFM, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Centroamérica (Ref. DCE-224-2011

Creencias sobre la inclusión educativa y prácticas docentes en el contexto de aprendizaje de la lectoescritura inicial docentes sobre la inclusión educativa en el contexto de aprendizaje de la lectoescritura inicial

Educational inclusion is an approach that seeks to eliminate barriers that limit students from learning and participation, promoting equity and social justice. This research aims to analyze the beliefs and pedagogical practices of Honduran teachers, with respect to educational inclusion in the context of early grade literacy (EGL) learning. A mixed methods research approach was implemented. Four techniques were used to collect data: classroom observations, structured interviews, a questionnaire to explore beliefs and pedagogical practices of EGL in an educational inclusion context, and a research workshop. A sample of 25 teachers, 19 regular teachers and 6 support teachers was selected. The results indicate that teachers assume a dilemmatic perspective in beliefs about students’ learning potential and an interactive perspective in their belief system about educational support for EGL learning in first graders. Regarding inclusive practices, teachers use those related to effective classroom management, and to a lesser extent, grouping strategies, additional instruction, curricular adaptations, and supports for participation. In conclusion, the beliefs and practices of the teachers are focused on the view of the deficit of the students. These findings highlight the growing need to systematically promote training opportunities for teachers in educational inclusion in the learning context of EGL at the national level.La inclusión educativa es un enfoque que pretende eliminar las barreras que limitan el aprendizaje y la participación del alumnado, promoviendo la equidad y la justicia social. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las creencias y prácticas pedagógicas de docentes hondureños respecto a la inclusión educativa en el contexto de aprendizaje de la lectoescritura inicial (LEI). Para ello se diseñó una investigación con enfoque mixto. Se emplearon cuatro técnicas para recolectar datos: observaciones en aula, entrevistas estructuradas, un cuestionario para explorar creencias y prácticas pedagógicas de la LEI en el contexto de la inclusión educativa, y un taller investigativo. Se conformó una muestra de 25 docentes, 19 regulares y 6 de apoyo. Los resultados indican que el profesorado asume una perspectiva dilemática en las creencias sobre el potencial de aprendizaje de los estudiantes y una concepción interaccionista en el sistema de creencias sobre los apoyos educativos para el aprendizaje de la LEI en estudiantes de primer grado de educación básica. En cuanto a las prácticas inclusivas, el profesorado utiliza aquellas vinculadas con el manejo efectivo del aula y, en menor medida, las estrategias de agrupamiento, la enseñanza adicional, las adaptaciones curriculares y los apoyos para la participación. En conclusión, las creencias y prácticas del profesorado están centradas en la mirada del déficit de los estudiantes con diversidad en el aprendizaje. Estos hallazgos ponen en evidencia la creciente necesidad de promover de manera sistemática espacios de formación para docentes acerca de la inclusión educativa en el contexto de aprendizaje de la LEI a nivel nacional